́ . , . , , .
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, , ( ).
XV , (, .).
́ ́ (. 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰, Guta razda) . .
IVVI , , . VI , . , , IX . , , , .
8. -.
́ ́ - , (. Karl Verner) 1875 . : h, þ, f, s , . xt (ht), xs (hs), ft, fs, sk, st, sp, ss [1][2][3]. ( ) [4][5].
: h, þ, f, s , . xt (ht), xs (hs), ft, fs, sk, st, sp, ss [1][2][3].
[16]. -tt- → -ss-.
( ), . , .
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, , , , . (f/v → f, v . .), . .
, , ( , ). . (C. Lotspeich) , [17].
z, , [18] ( ), r [19].
( ), . , [
10. . .
́, ́ (. Umlaut ) , , (,[1]), : , ( ).