.


:

:



,



( , )

:

































 

 

 

 
FAQ

While (abs(a) > e) do begin

⇐ 12345678 ⇒



n:=n+1;

a:=-a*x/n;

s:=s+a;

end;

y:=exp(-x);

Memo1.Lines.Add(' x='+FloatToStrF(x,ffFixed,6,2)+' ='

+ FloatToStrF(s,ffFixed,8,4)+ y ='

+ FloatToStrF(y,ffFixed,8,4)+' N ='+IntToStr(n));

x:=x+h;

until x>(xk+h/2) // (xk+h/2)

end; // x

 

end.

3.4.

. . .

y(x) s(x) x xn xk M () e. S(x) Y(x) x S(x) Y(x).

, F4. , F7, , .

 

3.1.
S(x) e Y(x)
           
  1.   0.1     0.001  
      . 3.1
           
  2.   0.1     0.0001
  3.   0.1     0.001
  4.   0.1     0.01  
  5.   0.1   0.7   0.001
  6.   0.1     0.0001
  7.   0.2     0.001  
  8.   0.1   0.7   0.0001  
  9.   0.3     0.001
  10.   0.1   0.5   0.0001  
  11.   0.2     0.001
  12.   0.1       0.0001  
  13.   -2   -0.1   0.01
  14.   0.2   0.8   0.0001
  15.   0.1   0.8   0.001  

 


 

4. .

: TStringGrid. .

4.1.

, . ( TApplication.HandleException), , . Object Pascal try, .

try finally:

Try

<,

>

Finally

< , ,

>

end;

finally.

. finally , , . , , .

tryexcept:

Try

<,

>

Except

< ,

>

end;

except, except . . except , . except , case:

on < 1> do < 1>;

on < 2> do < 2>;

else <,

>;

, do . 4.1.

4.1.

EAbort , Abort
EArrayError : , ( mxarrays)
EConvertError
EDivByZero
ERangeError ( {$R+})
EIntOverflow ( {$Q+ })
EInvalidArgument
EZeroDivide
EOutOfMemory
EFileNotFound
EInvalidFileName
EInvalidOp
EOverFlow
EAssertionFailed Assert ( { $+ })

, , Stop on Delphi Exceptions Tools Debbuger Options , Language Exceptions ( Delphi 3 Break on exception, Tools Environment Options, Perferences).

. Abort, Assert (b: Boolean) raise:

Raise( < >). Create (< >);

4.2. ShowMessage MessageDlg.

ShowMessage MessageDlg, ShowMessage(Msg: string) Msg OK, . . MessageDlg(const Msg: WideString; DlgType: TMsgDlgType; Buttons: TMsgDlgButtons; HelpCtx: Longint): Word . Msg . DlgType ( 4.2).

  4.2.
mtWarning : Warning. :
mtError : Error. :
mtInformation : Information. : i .
mtConfirmation : Confirmation . : ? .
mtCustom . .

Buttons , ( 4.3). .

4.3.
mbYes Yes mbRetry Retry
mbNo No mbIgnore Ignore
mbOK OK mbAll All
mbCancel Cancel mbHelp Help
mbAbort Abort    

HelpCtx .

, . , mr , : mrYes, mrOK, mr Help.

4.3.

, . , , , : a[1], bb[I], c12[I,j*2], q[1,1,I*j-1]. LongInt.

(Type) (Var) :

Array [ ] of < >;

:

Const N=20; // ;

Type TVector= array [1..N] of word; // ;

Var a:TVector; // TVector;

Ss: array [1..10] of integer; // Ss ;

Y: array [1..5,1..10] of char; // Y .

, , :

F:=2*a[3]+a[ss[4]+1]*3;

a[n]:=1+sqrt(abs(a[n-1]));

4.4. TStringGrid

. TStringGrid , ( TEdit). Cells[ACol: Integer; ARow: Integer]: String, ACol, ARow - . ColCount RowCount , FixedCols FixedRows . , .

4.5.

: , NxN, , N.

. N TEdit, B TStringGrid. , TButton, TStringGrid.

4.5.1. TStringGrid

TStringGrid Additional . . , . ColCount RowCount 4 ( ), FixedCols FixedRows 1 ( ). .. StringGrid2 StringGrid3 , : ColCount= 1, RowCount=4, FixedCols=0 FixedRows=1. TStringGrid , StringGrid1 StringGrid2 Options ( +, Options) goEditing True.

. 4.1.

 

. 4.1.

4.1.

4.1.

unit Unit4;

Interface

Uses

Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Variants, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms, Dialogs, Grids, StdCtrls, mxarrays;

Type

TForm1 = class (TForm)

Edit1: TEdit;

Edit2: TEdit;

Label1: TLabel;

Label2: TLabel;

Button1: TButton;

StringGrid1: TStringGrid;

StringGrid2: TStringGrid;

Button2: TButton;

StringGrid3: TStringGrid;

procedure Button1Click(Sender: TObject);

procedure FormCreate(Sender: TObject);

procedure Button2Click(Sender: TObject);

Private

{ Private declarations }

Public

{ Public declarations }

end;

 

Const

Nmax=10; //

Type

Mas2 = array[1..Nmax,1..Nmax] of extended; //

// Nmax

Mas1 = array[1..Nmax] of extended; //

// Nmax

Var

Form1: TForm1;

A: Mas2; //

B, Y: Mas1; //

N, M, i, j: integer;

 

Implementation

{$R *.dfm}

 

procedure TForm1.FormCreate(Sender: TObject);

Begin

N:=3; //

M:=3; //

Edit1.Text:=FloatToStr(N);

Edit2.Text:=FloatToStr(M);

{ }

StringGrid1.RowCount:=N+1;

StringGrid1.ColCount:=M+1;

StringGrid2.RowCount:=N+1;

StringGrid3.RowCount:=N+1;

{ }

StringGrid1.Cells[0,0]:=' A:';

StringGrid2.Cells[0,0]:=' B:';

StringGrid3.Cells[0,0]:=' Y:';

{ }

for i:=1 to N do begin

StringGrid1.Cells[0,i]:=' i= '+IntToStr(i);

StringGrid1.Cells[i,0]:=' j= '+IntToStr(i);

end;

end;

 

procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); //

begin //

N:=StrToInt(Edit1.Text);

M:=StrToInt(Edit2.Text);

{ }

StringGrid1.RowCount:=N+1;

StringGrid1.ColCount:=M+1;

StringGrid2.RowCount:=N+1;

StringGrid3.RowCount:=N+1;

{ }

for i:=1 to N do StringGrid1.Cells[0,i]:=' i= '+IntToStr(i);

for i:=1 to M do StringGrid1.Cells[i,0]:=' j= '+IntToStr(i);

end;

 

procedure TForm1.Button2Click(Sender: TObject);

Begin

{$R+}

Try

{ StringGrid1}

for i:=1 to N do

for j:=1 to M do

A[i,j]:=StrToFloat(StringGrid1.Cells[j,i]);

{ B StringGrid2}

for i:=1 to N do

B[i]:=StrToFloat(StringGrid2.Cells[0,i]);

Except

on ERangeError do begin ShowMessage('

. '); Exit; end;

on EConvertError do begin ShowMessage('

, '); Exit; end;

else begin ShowMessage('

!'); Exit; end;

end;

Try

{ }

for i:=1 to N do begin

Y[i]:=0;

for j:=1 to M do Y[i]:=Y[i]+A[i,j]*B[j];

end;

Except

on EInvalidOp do begin MessageDlg(' ',mtError,[mbCancel],0); Exit; end;

on EOverFlow do begin MessageDlg(' ',mtError,[mbCancel],0); Exit; end;

else begin MessageDlg( ! ',mtError,[mbCancel],0); Exit; end;

end;

{ StringGrid3}

for i:=1 to N do StringGrid3.Cells[0,i]:=FloatToStrf(y[i],fffixed,6,0);

end;

End.

4.6.

. . TEdit, c TStringGrid, 0- 0- . , Tutton. .

1. NxM. B, k- 0, k - , 1 .

2. NxM. B, k- 1, k , 0 .

3. NxM. B, k- 1, k - , 0 .

4. NxM. , , .

5. NxM. , , , , , .

6. NxM. .

7. NxM. .

8. NxM. .

9. , n - .

10. A, NxM. B, k- k .

11. n - , , , .

12. NxM , , .

13. n - n-1 , .

14. n - , , , .

15. NxM. .


 

5. C

: .

5.1.

, , , , . , , , , .

c , :

Type

Pukaz=^< >;

Pint = ^integer;

TMas = array[1..4] of integer

PMas = ^TMas;

Var

Uk: Pukaz;

a, b: PInt; //

p, q: pointer; //

U: Pmas; //

C: array[1..2,1..2] of integer; //

Begin

...

U:=Addr(C); // U

// C

a:=p; // p a

p:=Nil; //

...

(a, b, p, q, u) 4 , , . () , , u^[2]:=3. , , , :

...

c[1,2]:=5; [2,1]:=8;

u:=@c; // u (@ Addr);

Write(u[2],u[3]); // 5 8

...

, (heap). New, Dispose GetMem, FreeMem.

New(var P: Pointer);

, P. P . ,

Dispose(var P: Pointer);

P , .

:

Var a, b: PInt;

Begin

New (a);

b:=a;

a^:=9;

b^:=5

Write(a); // 58

Dispose (b);

integer. b , a. , 9, 5. Dispose(b) Dispose(a).

GetMem , , , :

GetMem(P:pointer;size:Word);

FreeMem(P:pointer;size:Word);

, , , size.

, sizeof(< >).

5.2.

.

, , :

type Tmas = array[1..1000, 1..2000] of byte;

Pmas = ^Tmas

var B: Pmas //

begin

New(B); ..

< >

Dispose(B); //

, .

Getmem Freemem . , , :

type

Tmas=array[1..1] of extended;

Pmas=^Tmas; //

Var a: Pmas;

mt, n: word;

begin

mt:=sizeof(extended ); // ,

//

GetMem(a,mt*n); // n

< n>

FreeMem(a, mt*n); //

, .

:

Type

TMas = array [1..1] of integer;

PMas = ^TMas;

TMas2 = array [1..1] of PMas;

PMas2 = ^TMas2;

Var

a: PMas2;

N,M,i,j: integer;

Begin

GetMem(a,4*M);

for i:=1 to M do GetMem(a[i],N*sizeof(integer));

// [i,j], 1≤i≤M, 1≤j≤N

for i:=1 to M do FreeMem(a[i],N*sizeof(integer));

FreeMem(a,4*M);

5.3. TBitBtn

TBitBtn Additonal TButton. , Clyph. , Kind, 11 . bkClose .

5.4.

: , . . . 5.1.

 

. 5.1.

5.1.

5.1.

unit Unit5;

Interface

Uses

Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Variants, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms,

Dialogs, StdCtrls, Buttons, Grids;

Type

TForm1 = class (TForm)

StringGrid1: TStringGrid;

StringGrid2: TStringGrid;

Label1: TLabel;

Label2: TLabel;

BitBtn1: TBitBtn;

BitBtn2: TBitBtn;

procedure FormCreate(Sender: TObject);

procedure BitBtn1Click(Sender: TObject);

Private

{ Private declarations }

Public

{ Public declarations }

end;

 

const N=7;

 

Type

TMas = array[1..1] of integer;

PMas = ^TMas;

Var

Form1: TForm1;

a: PMas;

i,j,t: integer;

Implementation

{$R *.dfm}

 

procedure TForm1.FormCreate(Sender: TObject);

Begin

Randomize;

for i:=1 to N do

StringGrid1.Cells[i-1,0]:=IntToStr(Random(100));

end;

 

procedure TForm1.BitBtn1Click(Sender: TObject);

Begin

GetMem(a,N*sizeof(integer));

 

for i:=1 to N do

a[i]:=StrToInt(StringGrid1.Cells[i-1,0]);

 

for i:=1 to N-1 do

for j:=i+1 to N do

⇐ 12345678 ⇒


:

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,
==> ...

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