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The Past Continuous Tense :

) 䳿, , . 䳿 at two oclock, at midnight, at that moment 䳺- Past Indefinite:

e.g. He was working at his English at that time. Carrie was sitting by the window when he came in. ³ . , .

) 䳿, :

e.g. In the spring of the year 1881 he was visiting his old school-fellow. 1881 .

12.2 / The Future Continuous Tense

.

The Future Continuous Tenseto be Future Indefinite 䳺 (Present Participle) 䳺.

+S+ shall/will be Ving He will be working in the garden.
-S + shall/will not be Ving He will not (wont) be working in the garden.
? Shall/WillSbe Ving? Willhe be workingin the garden?
?/WwillS be Ving? Where will he be working?
Who will be Ving? Who will be workingin the garden?

.

The Future Continuous Tense :

) 䳿, .

e.g. Meet me at two oclock. Ill be looking outfor you. Well be playingall morning. . . .

) Future Continuous , Future Indefinite, .

 

e.g.You wont be comingback here any more. Hell be goingto school soon. . ³ .

Unit 13

- /Perfect Continuous Tenses

Perfect Continuous , (Present Perfect Continouns Tense) (Past Perfect Continuous TenseFuture Perfect Continuous Tense) .

Continuous, Perfect Continuous , .

Perfect, Perfect Continuous 䳿, , .

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous
since 1980, for ten years, for a long time, for years, all day, all my life for some time, for an hour, since 3 oclock, when he came for 5 years, by this time, by the end of the year
+
Shave / has been Ving Shad been Ving S shall /will have been Ving
Nick has been writinghisexercises for two hours already. The class had been discussingthe article for some time when Henry came in. I will have been livingin Rome for three years next May.
-
S havent/hasnt been Ving S hadnt been Ving Sshant / wont have been Ving
Jane hasnt been workingvery well recently. They hadnt been waiting even 15 minutes when he came. I shall not have been workingat this problem even for half a month by your next visit.
?
Have/HasSbeen Ving? Had S been Ving? Shall/WillShave been Ving ?
Haveyou been writingthis book all these years? For how long hadthe children been playing on the computer when father arrived? For how long willyou have been workingon this project when the director arrives again?

Unit 14-15

/Passive Voice

, , ᒺ 䳿. , , ᒺ 䳿. ϳ ᒺ, ᒺ 䳿, .

䳺 (the Active Voice) (the Passive Voice). ᒺ 䳿, 䳺 .

These letters were written yesterday. ֳ .

to be Past Participle (䳺 ) 䳺.

to be + Ved(III)

  Present Past Future
Indefinite It is written It was written It will be written
Continuous It is being written It was being written X
Perfect It has been written It had been written It will have been written

Unit 16

/Conditional Sentences

.

г ϳ
I - ; . If + V (Vs) will (shall) + V can, may, must + V
II - ; If + Ved (II) would (should) + V could/might + V
III - ; If + had Ved (III) would (should) + haveVed(III) could/might + have Ved(III)

 

Unit 17

Wish-sentences

, 䳺 to wish. , . i 䳺 , , :

I wish I knew where you are and what you are doing. I wish I were at home now. , i . , .

i iï , , :

We wished it had stopped raining. , .

Unit 18

. /Sequence of Tenses. Reported Speech

, .

ղ ί :

Present Indefinite She plays the piano, he said. Past Indefinite He said (that) she played the piano.
Present Continuous She is playing the piano, he said. Past Continuous He said (that) she was playing the piano.
Past Indefinite/Present Perfect She played/has played the piano, he said. Past Perfect He said (that) she had played the piano.
Past Continuous/Present Perfect Continuous She was playing/has been playing the piano, he said. Past Perfect Continuous He said (that) she had been playing the piano.
Future Indefinite She ll play the piano, he said. would + V He said (that) she would play the piano.
Future Continuous She ll be playing the piano, he said. would be + Ving He said (that) she would be playing the piano.

̲ IJ

two days ago two days before

last month the month before, the previous month

this week that week

tomorrow the next day, the following day

next month the month after, the following month

this / these that /those

here there

now then, at the time, immediately

yesterday the day before, the previous day

today, tonight that day, that night

 

Unit 19

19.1 /Infinitive

䳺, ?, ?, to write , to answer .

. 䳺 , .

䳺 Continuous, .

to, to. not .

19.2

  Active Voice Passive Voice
Present to offer to be offered
Present Continuous to be offering -------
Perfect to have offered to have been offered
Perfect Continuous to have been offering -------

Indefinite Infinitive ( ), 䳺 ( ), 䳺 .

Im very glad to see you.

Continuous Infinitive 䳿, (), , 䳺 .

The weather seems to be changing.

Perfect Infinitive , (), 䳿 (), 䳺.

I'm glad to have bought this book.

ϳ 䳺 to hope, to mean, to expect Past Indefinite 䳺 should, could, ought (to), to be (to) Perfect Infinitive , (, ') .

I hoped to have come in time. could have written the composition much better. ( ). ³ .

(Indefinite, Continuous Perfect Infinitive Active) , .

I want to finish this work today.

, .

This work must be finished today.

 

19.3 to :

1. 䳺 (must, can, should etc)

You must be back at 12 oclock.

2. had better/would rather

Id rather have stayed in last night.

3. make/let/see/hear/feel +object

Mum let me watch TV. I made him apologise.

 

Unit 20

20. /Infinitive Constructions

' , .

20.1 ' /Objective with the Infinitive Construction

Objective with the Infinitive Construction ' .

䳺: to want, to like, to expect, to prefer, to know, to think, to advise, to ask, to tell, to help .

I want her to read this text. , .
I expect him to come here in a minute. , .
John wishes the work to be done at once. , .

ϳ 䳺 to let, to make, to hear, to see, to watch, to notice, to feel to.

heard the bell ring. ³ , .
I saw her cross the street. , .

20.2 / Nominative-with-the-Infinitive Construction

Nominative with the Infinitive Construction .

:

1. 䳺: to ask, to say, to think, to know, to expect, to suppose, to hear, to see, to report, to describe, to advise, to order.

䳺- .

is said to be a good singer. , .
They were advised to come in time. .
He was ordered not to go there. .

2. 䳺: to seem, to appear, to happen, to turn out.

䳺- .

Roman seems to know English well. , .
seemed to have forgotten the poem. ³, , .

3. : sure, certain, likely.

is likely to have received my parcel. ³, , .
He is sure to come to Kyiv. ³, , .

20.3 / Prepositional Infinitive Construction

The Prepositional Infinitive Construction for, ' .

It is difficult for him to do this exercise. .
For me to hear you is a pleasure. .
I waited for Johnny to speak. , .

 

Unit 21

21.1 /Gerund

-ing, i .

ij .

- 䳺 , :

Would you mind passing me the bread? ( ).

I like reading books of that sort ( ).

Do you mind my speaking to him? ( ).

- :

Our friends objected to our leaving so soon.

The child burst out crying bitterly.

.

- , , , of, for,in, without, before, after, on (upon), by, about, to:

But what's the use of arguing?

She would not hear of staying to dinner.

Thank you for helping me.

- , :

What do you say to his joining us?

Aunt's coming is always a pleasure for all of us.

- , : , .

 

䳺, i , i :

Thank you for telling me. I am fond of gardening. , . .

ϳ 䳺 . 䳺 , i , , i i 䳺, i iii.

21.2

  Active Voice Passive Voice
Present offering being offered
Perfect having offered having been offered

21.3 䳺/Complex with Gerund

, .

䳺 : , , .

Excuse my interrupting you. Would you mind my opening the window? , . , ?)

' .

I don't like him coming here. : I don't like his coming here.

 

Unit 22

?/Infinitive or Gerund?

 

䳺:

agree decide expect hesitate refuse
learn would like promise offer manage
hope pretend plan attempt tend

 

䳺:

deny risk delay consider
can't help keep (on) give up be fond of
finish quit put off practice
postpone tolerate suggest feel like
regret enjoy keep (on) look forward to
admit avoid recall mind
miss detest appreciate recommend
get/be through get/be tired of get/be accustomed to get/be used to

 

iii 䳺:

 

start begin continue dislike
prefer like love cease
intend propose neglect hate

 

Unit 23

ij/Participle

ij - 䳺, 䳺, . ij 䳺 䳺. 䳺 .

 

  Active Voice Passive Voice
Present Participle asking being asked
Past Participle - asked
Perfect Participle having asked having been asked

Present Participle (Active and Passive) , 䳺 䳺 .

Seeing that I was late I hurried. , , .

Perfect Participle (Active and Passive) , 䳿 䳺 .

Having slept two hours he felt rested. , , .

Perfect Participle Passive , :

Having been shown the wrong direction he lost his way. , .

Past Participle 䳺 䳺 䳺 , , ':

broken ;

painted ;

forgotten . .

Past Participle 䳺, , , 䳺 (, ).

䳺, 䳺 .

saw a group of children talking and laughing loudly.

Having quickly eaten her meal Jane hurried back to school.

 

ij 䳺 , , .

Having read the book he went to the library.

Taking Mike by the hand Tom led the way upstairs.

Unit 24

Participial Constructions

ij , .

 

24.1 ' 䳺

' , Present Participle.

to feel, to hear, to listen, to notice, to observe, to see, to watch, to look (at), to keep ( 䳺 waiting), to find:

I'm sorry to have kept you waiting. Let's listen to John playing the piano. , . , .

䳺 . ³ , 䳺 䳿. :

I saw you pass our house. I saw you passing our house. , . , .

24.2 ' 䳺

' , Past Participle.

to have, to get, to want, to wish, must have ( must get).

, , .

I must have my TV set repaired. ( )

24.3 䳺

, 䳺 (Present Participle, Perfect Participle Past Participle).

.

The morning being cold, Nick put on his overcoat ( ). ( , .)

The rain having stopped, they went on with their work ( ). ( , .)

Time permitting, I'll come next week ( ). ( , .)

 

³ 䳺 .

 


APPENDIX 1 Summary of Tenses

ACTIVE VOICE Perfect Continuous +S+have/has+been+Ving -S+have/has+not+been+ Ving ?Have/Has+S+been+ Ving?   e.g. He has been writinga letter since morning. +S+had+been+Ving -S+had+not+been+ Ving ?Had+S+been+ Ving?   e.g. He had been writing a letter for two hours when I came. +S+shall/will+have +been+ Ving -S+shall/will+have+not+been+ Ving ?Shall/Will+S+have+been+ Ving? e.g. He will have been writing a letter for two hours when I come.
Perfect + S+have/has + Ved (3) - S+have/has+not+ Ved(3) ? Have/Has+S+Ved(3)?   e.g. He has already writtena letter. + S+had + Ved (3) - S+had+not+ Ved(3) ? Had+S+Ved(3)?   e.g. He had written a letter by 5 oclock yesterday. + S+shall/will have+Ved (3) - S+shal/will+not+have+ Ved(3) ?Shall/Will+S+have+ Ved(3)     e.g. He will have written a letter by 5 oclock tomorrow.
Continuous + S + am/is/are+Ving - S + am/is/are +not + Ving ? Am/Is/Are +S + Ving?   e.g. He is writinga letter now. + S + was/were+Ving - S + was/were+not + Ving ? Was/Were +S + Ving? e.g. He was writing a letter at 5oclock yesterday. + S + shall/will+be+Ving - S + shall/will+not+be+Ving ? Shall/Will+S+be+Ving?     e.g. He will be writing a letter at 5 oclock tomorrow
Indefinite + S + V / Vs(3 . .) - S + do/does+not+V ? Do/Does+S + V?   e.g. He writes letters every day. + S + Ved (2) - S + did+not+V ? Did +S + V? e.g. He wrote a letter yesterday. + S + shall/will + V - S + shall/will + not +V ? Shall/Will+ S + V?     e.g. He will write a letter tomorrow.
  Present Past Future

 

PASSIVE VOICE Perfect + S + have/has+been+Ved (3) -S + have/has+not+been+Ved (3) ? Have/Has+ S +been+Ved (3)?   e.g. The letters have already been written. + S + had+been+Ved (3) -S + had+not+been+Ved (3) ? Had+ S +been+Ved (3)? e.g. The letters had been written by 5 oclock yesterday.   + S + shall/will+have+been+Ved (3) -S + shall/will+have+not+been+Ved (3) ? Shall/Will+S+have+been+Ved (3)? e.g. The letters will have been written by 5 oclock tomorrow.  
Continuous + S + am/is/are+being+ Ved (3) -S + am/is/are+not+being+Ved (3) ? Am/Is/Are+ S +being+ Ved (3)? e.g. The letters are being written now. + S + was/were+being+Ved (3) -S + was/were+not+being+Ved (3) ? Was/Were+ S +being+ Ved (3)? e.g. The letters were being written at 5 oclock yesterday.
Indefinite + S + am/is/are Ved (3) -S + am/is/are+not+Ved (3) ? Am/Is/Are+ S + Ved (3)?   e.g. Letters are written every day. + S + was/were Ved (3) -S + was/were+not+Ved (3) ? Was/Were+ S + Ved (3)? e.g. The letters were written yesterday + S + shall/will+be+ Ved (3) -S + shall/will+not+be+Ved (3) ? Shall/Will+ S + be+Ved (3)? e.g. The letters will be written tomorrow.
  Present Past Future

APPENDIX 2 Irregular Verbs

be beat become begin bend bet bite blow break bring build burst buy catch choose come cost cut deal dig do draw drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fly forbid forget forgive freeze get give go grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep know lay lead leave lend let lie light lose make mean meet pay put read ride ring rise run say see seek sell send set sew shake shine shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit sleep speak spend   split   spread stand steal stick strike swear sweep swim take teach tear tell think throw understand wake wear win write was, were beat became began bent bet bit blew broke brought built burst bought caught chose came cost cut dealt dug did drew drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found flew forbade forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knew laid led left lent let lay lit lost made meant met paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shone shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slept spoke spent   split   spread stood stole stuck struck swore swept swam took taught tore told thought threw understood woke wore won wrote been beaten become begun bent bet bitten blown broken brought built burst bought caught chosen come cost cut dealt dug done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen got given gone grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept known laid led left lent let lain lit lost made meant met paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen sought sold sent set sewn/sewed shaken shone shot shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slept spoken spent   split   spread stood stolen stuck struck sworn swept swum taken taught torn told thought thrown understood woken worn won written , , , () , , , , , , (), () , , , ,

 


ί ˲

1. .., .., .., .. ( ). : , 2004. 336 .

2. .., .., .., .. - ( ). : , 2003. 251 .

3. .. English for food technologists: 3 . - : , 2008. 277 .

4. .. English for Veterinarians. : , -2007. - 344 .

5. .., .. . .: . ., 1983.

6. ., . . .: -, 2000.

7. .. . . : Գ ѻ, 2001. 480.

8. .. - . : , 2008. - 36 .

9. .., .. 516 . .: , 2000.

10. .. . . .: .,1991.

11. .., .., .. . . .: ., 1996.

12. - .. Easy reading for future lawyers: . 2013. 48 .

13. Casper, Julie Kerr. Agriculture: the food we grow and animals we raise. Chelsea House Publishers, 2007

14. Murphy, Raymond. English Grammar in Use. Cambridge University Press, 1988

15. SoarsL. and Soars J. Headway. Oxford University Press, 2000

16. Swan, Michael. Practical English Usage. - Oxford University Press, 1980Hornby A.S. Oxford Students Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press, Prosveschenie, Moscow, 1984.

17. Virginia Evans, Jenny Dooley. Enterprise. Express Publishing, 2000.

 


TABLE OF CONTENT

Unit 1 Getting acquainted 3-13
  Greetings in English Introducing Yourself About Me Language Focus The verb to be in the Present Simple Tense. Word Order. Types of Questions. Question words. 3 6 7 9
UNIT 2 About My Family 14-25
  Vocabulary in Use My Family Aunt Emily Language Focus Noun. Pronouns (personal and possessive) 14 19 21 22
UNIT 3 Working Day 26-36
  Vocabulary in Use My Working Day Daily Routine Language Focus Present Simple Tense 26 28 31 34
UNIT 4 My University 37-47
  Vocabulary in Use Sumy National Agrarian University My First Days of Student Life Language Focus Much/many/little/few. Some/any/no 37 39 42 43
UNIT 5 Agricultural Professions 48
  Vocabulary in Use Agricultural Professions The Gardener Language Focus There+to be. Impersonal Sentences 48 50 52 55-58
UNIT 6 English the International Language 59-70
  Vocabulary in Use Learning English at the University Interview with a Young Man about Learning English Language Focus Adjectives. Degrees of Comparison 59 61 64 67
UNIT 7 Farm Work in Different Seasons 71-81
  Vocabulary in Use Farmers Year Crop Farming Language Focus Present Continuous Tense 71 73 76 79
UNIT 8 Gardening 82-92
  Vocabulary in Use My Experience in Gardening Ukrainian Dachas Language Focus Past Simple Tense 82 85 88 90
UNIT 9 Modern Farm 93-102
  Vocabulary in Use Modern Farm Language Focus Future Simple Tense. Will/Be going to 93 95 100
UNIT 10 Ukraine: Land and People. 103-114
  Vocabulary in Use Ukraine Kyiv Language Focus Perfect Tenses 103 105 107 110
UNIT 11 State System of Ukraine 115-127
  Vocabulary in Use State System of Ukraine The Constitution of Ukraine Ukraines National Symbols Language Focus Modal Verbs 115 117 120 121 123
UNIT 12 Agriculture of Ukraine 128-138
  Vocabulary in Use Agriculture of Ukraine Agro-Ecological Zones Crop Rotation Language Focus Past Continuous Tense. Future Continuous Tense 128 129 132 134 135
UNIT 13 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 139-147
  Vocabulary in Use The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland London Language Focus Perfect Continuous Tenses 139 140 142 144
UNIT 14 Political System of the UK 148-157
  Vocabulary in Use The Political System of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Queen Elizabeth II Language Focus Passive Voice. Simple Tenses 148 150 153 154
UNIT 15 Agriculture of Great Britain 158-167
  Vocabulary in Use Agriculture of Great Britain The Importance of Agriculture to the UK Language Focus Passive Voice. Continuous and Perfect Tenses 158 159 163 164
UNIT 16 Agriculture of the USA 168-178
  Vocabulary in Use Agriculture of the USA Farming Regions of the United States Language Focus Conditional Sentences 168 169 172 174
UNIT 17 Organic Farming 179-189
  Vocabulary in Use How organic Farming Works The Limits to Organic Farming in Feeding the World Language Focus Wish-sentences 179 181 184 186
UNIT 18 Sustainable Agriculture 190-201
  Vocabulary in Use Sustainable Agriculture Sustainable Livestock Husbandry Language Focus Sequence of Tenses. Reported Speech 190 192 195 197
UNIT 19 Farming in the 21st Century 202-211
  Vocabulary in Use Biotechnology for Plants, Animals, and the Environment Agriculture and Science for the Twenty-First Century Language Focus Infinitive. Forms and Functions 202 203 205 207
UNIT 20 Agrarian Policy of Ukraine 212-223
  Vocabulary in Use Ukraines Agricultural Policy Types of Agricultural Enterprises in Ukraine Cooperation in Agriculture Language Focus Infinitive Constructions 212 214 216 218 219
UNIT 21 Agricultural Policy of the EU 224-235
  Vocabulary in Use Agricultural Policy of the European Union Farming as a System Farming Types in Britain Language Focus Gerund 224 225 227 229 232
UNIT 22 Higher Education in the UK 236-246
  Vocabulary in Use Higher Education in the UK Oxford and Cambridge Language Focus Infinitive or Gerund?  
UNIT 23 Higher Education in Ukraine 247-259
  Vocabulary in Use Higher Education in Ukraine Internal Structure of Higher Education Institution Digging for History Language Focus Participle 247 248 251 253 255
UNIT 24 My Future Profession 260-271
  Vocabulary in Use Careers in Agriculture The World of Work Language Focus Participial Constructions 260 261 267 268
TEXTS FOR READING ON SPECIALITY 272-298
² 299-322
APPENDIX 1 Summary of Tenses 323-324
APPENDIX 2 Irregular Verbs 325-327
ί ˲ 328

 





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