The Past Continuous Tense :
) 䳿, , . 䳿 at two oclock, at midnight, at that moment 䳺- Past Indefinite:
e.g. He was working at his English at that time. Carrie was sitting by the window when he came in. | ³ . , . |
) 䳿, :
e.g. In the spring of the year 1881 he was visiting his old school-fellow. | 1881 . |
12.2 / The Future Continuous Tense
.
The Future Continuous Tense 䳺 to be Future Indefinite 䳺 (Present Participle) 䳺.
+S+ shall/will be Ving | He will be working in the garden. |
-S + shall/will not be Ving | He will not (wont) be working in the garden. |
? Shall/WillSbe Ving? | Willhe be workingin the garden? |
?/WwillS be Ving? | Where will he be working? |
Who will be Ving? | Who will be workingin the garden? |
.
The Future Continuous Tense :
) 䳿, .
e.g. Meet me at two oclock. Ill be looking outfor you. Well be playingall morning. | . . . |
) Future Continuous , Future Indefinite, .
e.g.You wont be comingback here any more. Hell be goingto school soon. | . ³ . |
Unit 13
- /Perfect Continuous Tenses
Perfect Continuous , (Present Perfect Continouns Tense) (Past Perfect Continuous TenseFuture Perfect Continuous Tense) .
Continuous, Perfect Continuous , .
Perfect, Perfect Continuous 䳿, , .
Present Perfect Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | Future Perfect Continuous |
since 1980, for ten years, for a long time, for years, all day, all my life | for some time, for an hour, since 3 oclock, when he came | for 5 years, by this time, by the end of the year |
+ | ||
Shave / has been Ving | Shad been Ving | S shall /will have been Ving |
Nick has been writinghisexercises for two hours already. | The class had been discussingthe article for some time when Henry came in. | I will have been livingin Rome for three years next May. |
- | ||
S havent/hasnt been Ving | S hadnt been Ving | Sshant / wont have been Ving |
Jane hasnt been workingvery well recently. | They hadnt been waiting even 15 minutes when he came. | I shall not have been workingat this problem even for half a month by your next visit. |
? | ||
Have/HasSbeen Ving? | Had S been Ving? | Shall/WillShave been Ving ? |
Haveyou been writingthis book all these years? | For how long hadthe children been playing on the computer when father arrived? | For how long willyou have been workingon this project when the director arrives again? |
Unit 14-15
|
|
/Passive Voice
, , ᒺ 䳿. , , ᒺ 䳿. ϳ ᒺ, ᒺ 䳿, .
䳺 (the Active Voice) (the Passive Voice). ᒺ 䳿, 䳺 .
These letters were written yesterday. | ֳ . |
䳺 to be Past Participle (䳺 ) 䳺.
to be + Ved(III)
Present | Past | Future | |
Indefinite | It is written | It was written | It will be written |
Continuous | It is being written | It was being written | X |
Perfect | It has been written | It had been written | It will have been written |
Unit 16
/Conditional Sentences
.
г | ϳ | |
I - ; . | If + V (Vs) | will (shall) + V can, may, must + V |
II - ; | If + Ved (II) | would (should) + V could/might + V |
III - ; | If + had Ved (III) | would (should) + haveVed(III) could/might + have Ved(III) |
Unit 17
Wish-sentences
, 䳺 to wish. , . i 䳺 , , :
I wish I knew where you are and what you are doing. I wish I were at home now. | , i . , . |
i iï , , :
We wished it had stopped raining. | , . |
Unit 18
. /Sequence of Tenses. Reported Speech
, .
ղ ί :
Present Indefinite She plays the piano, he said. | Past Indefinite He said (that) she played the piano. |
Present Continuous She is playing the piano, he said. | Past Continuous He said (that) she was playing the piano. |
Past Indefinite/Present Perfect She played/has played the piano, he said. | Past Perfect He said (that) she had played the piano. |
Past Continuous/Present Perfect Continuous She was playing/has been playing the piano, he said. | Past Perfect Continuous He said (that) she had been playing the piano. |
Future Indefinite She ll play the piano, he said. | would + V He said (that) she would play the piano. |
Future Continuous She ll be playing the piano, he said. | would be + Ving He said (that) she would be playing the piano. |
̲ IJ
|
|
two days ago two days before
last month the month before, the previous month
this week that week
tomorrow the next day, the following day
next month the month after, the following month
this / these that /those
here there
now then, at the time, immediately
yesterday the day before, the previous day
today, tonight that day, that night
Unit 19
19.1 /Infinitive
䳺, ?, ?, to write , to answer .
. 䳺 , .
䳺 Continuous, .
to, to. not .
19.2
Active Voice | Passive Voice | |
Present | to offer | to be offered |
Present Continuous | to be offering | ------- |
Perfect | to have offered | to have been offered |
Perfect Continuous | to have been offering | ------- |
Indefinite Infinitive ( ), 䳺 ( ), 䳺 .
Im very glad to see you.
Continuous Infinitive 䳿, (), , 䳺 .
The weather seems to be changing.
Perfect Infinitive , (), 䳿 (), 䳺.
I'm glad to have bought this book.
ϳ 䳺 to hope, to mean, to expect Past Indefinite 䳺 should, could, ought (to), to be (to) Perfect Infinitive , (, ') .
I hoped to have come in time. could have written the composition much better. | ( ). ³ . |
(Indefinite, Continuous Perfect Infinitive Active) , .
I want to finish this work today.
, .
This work must be finished today.
19.3 to :
1. 䳺 (must, can, should etc)
You must be back at 12 oclock.
2. had better/would rather
Id rather have stayed in last night.
3. make/let/see/hear/feel +object
Mum let me watch TV. I made him apologise.
Unit 20
20. /Infinitive Constructions
' , .
20.1 ' /Objective with the Infinitive Construction
Objective with the Infinitive Construction ' .
|
|
䳺: to want, to like, to expect, to prefer, to know, to think, to advise, to ask, to tell, to help .
I want her to read this text. | , . |
I expect him to come here in a minute. | , . |
John wishes the work to be done at once. | , . |
ϳ 䳺 to let, to make, to hear, to see, to watch, to notice, to feel to.
heard the bell ring. | ³ , . |
I saw her cross the street. | , . |
20.2 / Nominative-with-the-Infinitive Construction
Nominative with the Infinitive Construction .
:
1. 䳺: to ask, to say, to think, to know, to expect, to suppose, to hear, to see, to report, to describe, to advise, to order.
䳺- .
is said to be a good singer. | , . |
They were advised to come in time. | . |
He was ordered not to go there. | . |
2. 䳺: to seem, to appear, to happen, to turn out.
䳺- .
Roman seems to know English well. | , . |
seemed to have forgotten the poem. | ³, , . |
3. : sure, certain, likely.
is likely to have received my parcel. | ³, , . |
He is sure to come to Kyiv. | ³, , . |
20.3 / Prepositional Infinitive Construction
The Prepositional Infinitive Construction for, ' .
It is difficult for him to do this exercise. | . |
For me to hear you is a pleasure. | . |
I waited for Johnny to speak. | , . |
Unit 21
21.1 /Gerund
䳺 -ing, i .
ij .
- 䳺 , :
Would you mind passing me the bread? ( ).
I like reading books of that sort ( ).
Do you mind my speaking to him? ( ).
- :
Our friends objected to our leaving so soon.
The child burst out crying bitterly.
.
- , , , of, for,in, without, before, after, on (upon), by, about, to:
But what's the use of arguing?
She would not hear of staying to dinner.
Thank you for helping me.
- , :
What do you say to his joining us?
Aunt's coming is always a pleasure for all of us.
- , : , .
|
|
䳺, i , i :
Thank you for telling me. I am fond of gardening. | , . . |
ϳ 䳺 . 䳺 , i , , i i 䳺, i iii.
21.2
Active Voice | Passive Voice | |
Present | offering | being offered |
Perfect | having offered | having been offered |
21.3 䳺/Complex with Gerund
, .
䳺 : , , .
Excuse my interrupting you. Would you mind my opening the window? | , . , ?) |
' .
I don't like him coming here. | : I don't like his coming here. |
Unit 22
?/Infinitive or Gerund?
䳺:
agree | decide | expect | hesitate | refuse |
learn | would like | promise | offer | manage |
hope | pretend | plan | attempt | tend |
䳺:
deny | risk | delay | consider |
can't help | keep (on) | give up | be fond of |
finish | quit | put off | practice |
postpone | tolerate | suggest | feel like |
regret | enjoy | keep (on) | look forward to |
admit | avoid | recall | mind |
miss | detest | appreciate | recommend |
get/be through | get/be tired of | get/be accustomed to | get/be used to |
iii 䳺:
start | begin | continue | dislike |
prefer | like | love | cease |
intend | propose | neglect | hate |
Unit 23
ij/Participle
ij - 䳺, 䳺, . ij 䳺 䳺. 䳺 .
Active Voice | Passive Voice | |
Present Participle | asking | being asked |
Past Participle | - | asked |
Perfect Participle | having asked | having been asked |
Present Participle (Active and Passive) , 䳺 䳺 .
Seeing that I was late I hurried. | , , . |
Perfect Participle (Active and Passive) , 䳿 䳺 .
Having slept two hours he felt rested. | , , . |
Perfect Participle Passive , :
Having been shown the wrong direction he lost his way. | , . |
Past Participle 䳺 䳺 䳺 , , ':
broken ;
painted ;
forgotten . .
Past Participle 䳺, , , 䳺 (, ).
䳺, 䳺 .
saw a group of children talking and laughing loudly.
Having quickly eaten her meal Jane hurried back to school.
ij 䳺 , , .
Having read the book he went to the library.
Taking Mike by the hand Tom led the way upstairs.
Unit 24
Participial Constructions
ij , .
24.1 ' 䳺
' , Present Participle.
䳺 to feel, to hear, to listen, to notice, to observe, to see, to watch, to look (at), to keep ( 䳺 waiting), to find:
|
|
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting. Let's listen to John playing the piano. | , . , . |
䳺 . ³ , 䳺 䳿. :
I saw you pass our house. I saw you passing our house. | , . , . |
24.2 ' 䳺
' , Past Participle.
䳺 to have, to get, to want, to wish, must have ( must get).
, , .
I must have my TV set repaired. | ( ) |
24.3 䳺
, 䳺 (Present Participle, Perfect Participle Past Participle).
.
The morning being cold, Nick put on his overcoat ( ). ( , .)
The rain having stopped, they went on with their work ( ). ( , .)
Time permitting, I'll come next week ( ). ( , .)
³ 䳺 .
APPENDIX 1 Summary of Tenses
ACTIVE VOICE | Perfect Continuous | +S+have/has+been+Ving -S+have/has+not+been+ Ving ?Have/Has+S+been+ Ving? e.g. He has been writinga letter since morning. | +S+had+been+Ving -S+had+not+been+ Ving ?Had+S+been+ Ving? e.g. He had been writing a letter for two hours when I came. | +S+shall/will+have +been+ Ving -S+shall/will+have+not+been+ Ving ?Shall/Will+S+have+been+ Ving? e.g. He will have been writing a letter for two hours when I come. |
Perfect | + S+have/has + Ved (3) - S+have/has+not+ Ved(3) ? Have/Has+S+Ved(3)? e.g. He has already writtena letter. | + S+had + Ved (3) - S+had+not+ Ved(3) ? Had+S+Ved(3)? e.g. He had written a letter by 5 oclock yesterday. | + S+shall/will have+Ved (3) - S+shal/will+not+have+ Ved(3) ?Shall/Will+S+have+ Ved(3) e.g. He will have written a letter by 5 oclock tomorrow. | |
Continuous | + S + am/is/are+Ving - S + am/is/are +not + Ving ? Am/Is/Are +S + Ving? e.g. He is writinga letter now. | + S + was/were+Ving - S + was/were+not + Ving ? Was/Were +S + Ving? e.g. He was writing a letter at 5oclock yesterday. | + S + shall/will+be+Ving - S + shall/will+not+be+Ving ? Shall/Will+S+be+Ving? e.g. He will be writing a letter at 5 oclock tomorrow | |
Indefinite | + S + V / Vs(3 . .) - S + do/does+not+V ? Do/Does+S + V? e.g. He writes letters every day. | + S + Ved (2) - S + did+not+V ? Did +S + V? e.g. He wrote a letter yesterday. | + S + shall/will + V - S + shall/will + not +V ? Shall/Will+ S + V? e.g. He will write a letter tomorrow. | |
Present | Past | Future |
PASSIVE VOICE | Perfect | + S + have/has+been+Ved (3) -S + have/has+not+been+Ved (3) ? Have/Has+ S +been+Ved (3)? e.g. The letters have already been written. | + S + had+been+Ved (3) -S + had+not+been+Ved (3) ? Had+ S +been+Ved (3)? e.g. The letters had been written by 5 oclock yesterday. | + S + shall/will+have+been+Ved (3) -S + shall/will+have+not+been+Ved (3) ? Shall/Will+S+have+been+Ved (3)? e.g. The letters will have been written by 5 oclock tomorrow. |
Continuous | + S + am/is/are+being+ Ved (3) -S + am/is/are+not+being+Ved (3) ? Am/Is/Are+ S +being+ Ved (3)? e.g. The letters are being written now. | + S + was/were+being+Ved (3) -S + was/were+not+being+Ved (3) ? Was/Were+ S +being+ Ved (3)? e.g. The letters were being written at 5 oclock yesterday. | ||
Indefinite | + S + am/is/are Ved (3) -S + am/is/are+not+Ved (3) ? Am/Is/Are+ S + Ved (3)? e.g. Letters are written every day. | + S + was/were Ved (3) -S + was/were+not+Ved (3) ? Was/Were+ S + Ved (3)? e.g. The letters were written yesterday | + S + shall/will+be+ Ved (3) -S + shall/will+not+be+Ved (3) ? Shall/Will+ S + be+Ved (3)? e.g. The letters will be written tomorrow. | |
Present | Past | Future |
APPENDIX 2 Irregular Verbs
be beat become begin bend bet bite blow break bring build burst buy catch choose come cost cut deal dig do draw drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fly forbid forget forgive freeze get give go grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep know lay lead leave lend let lie light lose make mean meet pay put read ride ring rise run say see seek sell send set sew shake shine shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit sleep speak spend split spread stand steal stick strike swear sweep swim take teach tear tell think throw understand wake wear win write | was, were beat became began bent bet bit blew broke brought built burst bought caught chose came cost cut dealt dug did drew drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found flew forbade forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knew laid led left lent let lay lit lost made meant met paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shone shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slept spoke spent split spread stood stole stuck struck swore swept swam took taught tore told thought threw understood woke wore won wrote | been beaten become begun bent bet bitten blown broken brought built burst bought caught chosen come cost cut dealt dug done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen got given gone grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept known laid led left lent let lain lit lost made meant met paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen sought sold sent set sewn/sewed shaken shone shot shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slept spoken spent split spread stood stolen stuck struck sworn swept swum taken taught torn told thought thrown understood woken worn won written | , , , () , , , , , , (), () , , , , |
ί ˲
1. .., .., .., .. ( ). : , 2004. 336 .
2. .., .., .., .. - ( ). : , 2003. 251 .
3. .. English for food technologists: 3 . - : , 2008. 277 .
4. .. English for Veterinarians. : , -2007. - 344 .
5. .., .. . .: . ., 1983.
6. ., . . .: -, 2000.
7. .. . . : Գ ѻ, 2001. 480.
8. .. - . : , 2008. - 36 .
9. .., .. 516 . .: , 2000.
10. .. . . .: .,1991.
11. .., .., .. . . .: ., 1996.
12. - .. Easy reading for future lawyers: . 2013. 48 .
13. Casper, Julie Kerr. Agriculture: the food we grow and animals we raise. Chelsea House Publishers, 2007
14. Murphy, Raymond. English Grammar in Use. Cambridge University Press, 1988
15. SoarsL. and Soars J. Headway. Oxford University Press, 2000
16. Swan, Michael. Practical English Usage. - Oxford University Press, 1980Hornby A.S. Oxford Students Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press, Prosveschenie, Moscow, 1984.
17. Virginia Evans, Jenny Dooley. Enterprise. Express Publishing, 2000.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Unit 1 | Getting acquainted | 3-13 |
Greetings in English Introducing Yourself About Me Language Focus The verb to be in the Present Simple Tense. Word Order. Types of Questions. Question words. | 3 6 7 9 | |
UNIT 2 | About My Family | 14-25 |
Vocabulary in Use My Family Aunt Emily Language Focus Noun. Pronouns (personal and possessive) | 14 19 21 22 | |
UNIT 3 | Working Day | 26-36 |
Vocabulary in Use My Working Day Daily Routine Language Focus Present Simple Tense | 26 28 31 34 | |
UNIT 4 | My University | 37-47 |
Vocabulary in Use Sumy National Agrarian University My First Days of Student Life Language Focus Much/many/little/few. Some/any/no | 37 39 42 43 | |
UNIT 5 | Agricultural Professions | 48 |
Vocabulary in Use Agricultural Professions The Gardener Language Focus There+to be. Impersonal Sentences | 48 50 52 55-58 | |
UNIT 6 | English the International Language | 59-70 |
Vocabulary in Use Learning English at the University Interview with a Young Man about Learning English Language Focus Adjectives. Degrees of Comparison | 59 61 64 67 | |
UNIT 7 | Farm Work in Different Seasons | 71-81 |
Vocabulary in Use Farmers Year Crop Farming Language Focus Present Continuous Tense | 71 73 76 79 | |
UNIT 8 | Gardening | 82-92 |
Vocabulary in Use My Experience in Gardening Ukrainian Dachas Language Focus Past Simple Tense | 82 85 88 90 | |
UNIT 9 | Modern Farm | 93-102 |
Vocabulary in Use Modern Farm Language Focus Future Simple Tense. Will/Be going to | 93 95 100 | |
UNIT 10 | Ukraine: Land and People. | 103-114 |
Vocabulary in Use Ukraine Kyiv Language Focus Perfect Tenses | 103 105 107 110 | |
UNIT 11 | State System of Ukraine | 115-127 |
Vocabulary in Use State System of Ukraine The Constitution of Ukraine Ukraines National Symbols Language Focus Modal Verbs | 115 117 120 121 123 | |
UNIT 12 | Agriculture of Ukraine | 128-138 |
Vocabulary in Use Agriculture of Ukraine Agro-Ecological Zones Crop Rotation Language Focus Past Continuous Tense. Future Continuous Tense | 128 129 132 134 135 | |
UNIT 13 | The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 139-147 |
Vocabulary in Use The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland London Language Focus Perfect Continuous Tenses | 139 140 142 144 | |
UNIT 14 | Political System of the UK | 148-157 |
Vocabulary in Use The Political System of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Queen Elizabeth II Language Focus Passive Voice. Simple Tenses | 148 150 153 154 | |
UNIT 15 | Agriculture of Great Britain | 158-167 |
Vocabulary in Use Agriculture of Great Britain The Importance of Agriculture to the UK Language Focus Passive Voice. Continuous and Perfect Tenses | 158 159 163 164 | |
UNIT 16 | Agriculture of the USA | 168-178 |
Vocabulary in Use Agriculture of the USA Farming Regions of the United States Language Focus Conditional Sentences | 168 169 172 174 | |
UNIT 17 | Organic Farming | 179-189 |
Vocabulary in Use How organic Farming Works The Limits to Organic Farming in Feeding the World Language Focus Wish-sentences | 179 181 184 186 | |
UNIT 18 | Sustainable Agriculture | 190-201 |
Vocabulary in Use Sustainable Agriculture Sustainable Livestock Husbandry Language Focus Sequence of Tenses. Reported Speech | 190 192 195 197 | |
UNIT 19 | Farming in the 21st Century | 202-211 |
Vocabulary in Use Biotechnology for Plants, Animals, and the Environment Agriculture and Science for the Twenty-First Century Language Focus Infinitive. Forms and Functions | 202 203 205 207 | |
UNIT 20 | Agrarian Policy of Ukraine | 212-223 |
Vocabulary in Use Ukraines Agricultural Policy Types of Agricultural Enterprises in Ukraine Cooperation in Agriculture Language Focus Infinitive Constructions | 212 214 216 218 219 | |
UNIT 21 | Agricultural Policy of the EU | 224-235 |
Vocabulary in Use Agricultural Policy of the European Union Farming as a System Farming Types in Britain Language Focus Gerund | 224 225 227 229 232 | |
UNIT 22 | Higher Education in the UK | 236-246 |
Vocabulary in Use Higher Education in the UK Oxford and Cambridge Language Focus Infinitive or Gerund? | ||
UNIT 23 | Higher Education in Ukraine | 247-259 |
Vocabulary in Use Higher Education in Ukraine Internal Structure of Higher Education Institution Digging for History Language Focus Participle | 247 248 251 253 255 | |
UNIT 24 | My Future Profession | 260-271 |
Vocabulary in Use Careers in Agriculture The World of Work Language Focus Participial Constructions | 260 261 267 268 | |
TEXTS FOR READING ON SPECIALITY | 272-298 | |
² | 299-322 | |
APPENDIX 1 Summary of Tenses | 323-324 | |
APPENDIX 2 Irregular Verbs | 325-327 | |
ί ˲ | 328 |