4.8. , :
1. :
) 1. manufacture silicon micrptircuits well-defined specifications should be observed; 2. To improve the resistance and delay times the designer pays attention to
) 1. In order to diffuse the semiconductor crystal we add; 2. In order to obtain pure silicon it is necessary
) 1. so as to make the diode conduct; 2. so as to substitute dopant atoms for semiconductor atoms
2. I.
) 1. When depositing the material care should be taken; 2. When inserting an atom into the silicon lattice we create
) 1. While processing the data the computer makes; 2. While comparing the circumstances they noticed that
) 1. Processing a wafer of silicon we used; 2. Having processed a wafer of silicon we used; 3. Transferring an electron to the impurity atom an adjacent atom fills the hole; 4. Having transferred an electron the adjacent atom creates a new hole
) 1. Being protected by surface layer of silicon dioxide the adjacent areas can block; 2. Being exposed to diffusion the microscopic regions can be defined
3. II:
) 1. When cooled the metal provides; 2. When etched the silicon dioxide demands
) 1. If doped with phosphorus or other pentivalent element silicon is called; 2. If coated with a photosensitive organic compound the surface of the silicon dioxide can change
) 1. Although accepted for different purposes the computers have the same; 2. Although used for etching an acid can be applied to
) 1. Viewed from space the Earth seems; 2. Based on reactive gas plasma technology the semiconductor industry can
) 1. As previously pointed there exist two lines of development; 2. As already stated, oxygen concentration influences many silicon wafer properties.
4. :
) 1. In obtaining the possibility of change the designer can face; 2. On obtaining the possibility of change the designer could attack
) 1. With forming high frequency transistors and integrated circuits the engineers could; 2. Without forming high frequency transistors and integrated circuits the engineers could not; 3. By doping the semiconductor we can
) 1. In spite of being charged the particles can be used to; 2. In addition to creating insulating areas oxidation offers a practical method for growing silicon oxides at low temperatures.
5. as :
1. as a result of advances; 2. as an example of innovation; 3. as a consequence of the deposition of thin films; 4. as a matter of fact a semiconductor is intermediate between insulators and conductors; 5. as far as the ulterior of the crystal is concerned; 6. as far as they use poor conductors; 7. as long as oxidation has been a keystone process of silicon device technology they, 8. as soon as plasma etching was used they, 9. as much as possible; 10. as thinas possible; 11. such as; 12. as follows; 13. as distinguished from the tube
.
|
|
|
4.1. . , : speed of the computer, hardware, video display, key board, the major piece of hardware. . .
A computer is nothing more than a collection of circuits that do a few simple tasks, one at a time. The key is the speed at which these circuits operate and signals that control the flow of electricity through the circuits.
So, how about a tour in the computer jungle? We start with a look at the hardware itself. The part that looks like a small television set is called a video display or CRT for cathode ray tube or simply the tube. It actually is a lot like a television set in that it may display several colors or just one.
Next is the keyboard which allows the user to communicate with the computer. It is important that the keys be comfortable.
The last major piece of hardware is the processor and disc storage unit or units. This may be one box or several different boxes.
4.2. . . ? ?
The Heart of the Computer
The processor is the "brains " of the computer, the location of those fantastically small circuits. Think of it as an overworked adding machine that also can make simple logic decisions.
It can decide that two numbers are equal or not equal, that a certain condition does or does not exist in the circuitry. It can decide that things are true or false based on rules the programmer supplies to make that decision. This, combined with the ability to add and subtract at lightning-fast speeds and store the results of these processes, allows the programmer to give step-by-step instructions to be carried out on command.
4.3. . 5 . . .
Although the idea of an automatic computing engine occurred first to Charles Babbage in 1832, it was more than a century later, in 1945, that John von Neumann set out the principles that were to fix the pattern of computer design for the next twenty years. We are now operating third and fourth generation computers, and looking ahead to the fifth, but these are generations marked by evolutionary changes in component technology rather than by revolutionary new concepts. Most of today's computers follow the von Neumann model, and probably many of tomorrow's will do so also. In particular, they have a rather rigidly organized store, holding both instructions and data; and, although some overlap of operations occurs, in general they tiptoe through their programs in ministeps. There can be no doubt that computers of this kind are powerful, versatile tools; but it would be surprising indeed if one type of machine were to prove equally suitable for all types of problems; and it may be that some problems of practical interest to us are too difficult, or too expensive, to solve on von Neumann machines.
4.4. . 15 .
Personal Computer
The first personal computer (PC) was put on the market in 1975.
Today the personal computer can serve as a work station for the individual. Moreover, just as it has become financially feasible to provide a computer for the individual worker, so also technical developments have made the interface between man and machine increasingly "friendly", so that a wide array of computer functions are now accessible to people with no technical background.
|
|
|
A personal computer is a small computer based on a microprocessor; it is a microcomputer. Not all microcomputers, however, are personal computers. A microcomputer can be dedicated to a single task such as controlling a machine tool or metering the
. 99-102???
53. residual
residual n 1. ; 2.
residue n 1. ; 2.
54. destined
destine v 1. ; 2.
55. currently adv
current a , ;
current n ,
56. superficially adv , superficial ,
57. outmoded
58. intend v 1. ; ; 2.
intended ;
59. screen n 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4.
screen v 1. ; ; 2.
screener n
60. image n 1. ; 2. ; 3.
image v
to image a pattern onto a wafer
imagery n ,
61. background n 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ,
historical background
background of experience
62. behaviour n 1. ; 2. ; 3.
behave v
transient behaviour
63. apparent a 1. , ; 2.
apparently adv
64. merge v 1. , ; 2.
65. backup 1. ; 2.
66. tradeoff n 1. ; 2. ; 3. ;
trade off v 1. ; 2.
trade-off studies
67. skill n ,
skilled a ,
skilful ,
68. constitute v 1. ; 2.
69. versatility n ,
versatile a , ;
70. convenience n
convenient ,
71. workload n: load n 1. ; 2.
load v
loaded a 1. ; 2.
72. obstacle n ,
73. generation n 1. ; 2. ; 3. ,
generate v 1. ; 2. ,
generator n 1. ; 2. ,
74. remote a 1. ; 2. ,
