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A complex sentence may contain two or more homogeneous clauses coordinated with each other.




They were all obstinately of opinion that the poor girl had stolen the moonstone, and that she had destroyed herself in terror of being found out. (Collins)

What Mr. Pancks knew about the Dorrit family, what more he really wanted to find out, and why he should trouble his busy head about them at all, were questions that often perplexed him.

A subordinate clause may be subordinated to the principal clause or to another subordinate clause. Accordingly we distinguish subordinate clauses of the first, second, third, etc. degree of subordination.

He never asked why Erik was giving up academic work. (Wilson)

I don't mind making the admission.. that there are certain forms of so-called humor, or, at least, fun, which I am quite unable to appreciate. (Leacock)

I think I have noticedthat they have an inconsistent way of speaking about her, as if she had made some great self-interested success in marrying Mr. Gowan.. (Dickens)

According to their grammatical function subordinate clauses are divided into subject, predicative, attributive, object, and adverbial clauses.

Attributive clauses serve as an attribute to a noun (pronoun) in the principal clause. This noun or pronoun is called the antecedent (, ) of the clause. According to their meaning and the way they are connected with the principal clause attributive clauses are divided into relative and appositive ones.

Attributive relative clauses qualify the antecedent, whereas attributive appositive clauses disclose its meaning. , .

The facts those men were so eager to know had been visible, tangible, open to the senses. Conrad (ATTRIBUTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSE)

The fortunate fact that the rector's letter did not require an immediate answer would give him time to consider. (Hardy) (ATTRIBUTIVE APPOSITIVE CLAUSE)

Attributive relative clauses are joined to the principal clause syndetically by means of connectives, and asyndetically;

attributive appositive clausesonly syndetically by means of conjunctions.

Attributive relative clauses can be restrictive and nonrestrictive or descriptive.

1. An attributive relative restrictive clause restricts the meaning of the antecedent. .

It cannot be removed without destroying the meaning of the sentences.

It is not separated by a comma from the principal clause because of its close connection with it.

Attributive relative restrictive clauses are introduced by:

(a) relative pronouns (who, whose, which, that, as1);

(b) relative adverbs (where, when);

(c) asyndetically.

You could not but feel sympathy for a man who took so much delight in simplethings. (Maugham)

.. but there is no private life which has not been determined by a wider, public life. (Eliot)

All that could be done had been done. (Dreiser)

He sang a loud song.. such a song as the Spanish wagoneers sing in Algeria. (Hichens)

And he is now come to that stage of life when a man like him should enter into public affairs.

They spoke no more all the way back to the lodging where Fanny and her uncle lived. (Dickens)

There was simply nothing else he could do. (Coppard)

I think my father is the best man I have ever known. (Shaw)

2. An attributive relative non-restrictive clause does not restrict the meaning of the antecedent; it gives some additional information about it. ; .

It can be left out without destroying the meaning of the sentence. As the connection between the principal clause and the attributive non-restrictive clause is loose, they are often separated by a comma.

Attributive relative non-restrictive clauses are in most cases introduced syndetically by means of:

(a) relative pronouns (who, which);

(b) relative adverbs (where, when).

Mr. Prusty, who kept no assistant, slowly got off his stool. (Cronin)

She uttered a wild scream, which in its heart-rending intensity seemed to echo for miles. (Hardy)

He went in alone to the dining-room where the table was laid for one. (Cronin)

The relative pronoun that is hardly ever used to introduce an attributive relative non-restrictive clause. ³ .

He had emotion, fire, longings, that were concealed behind a wall of reserve. (Dreiser)

A variant of the attributive non-restrictive clause is the continuative clause, whose antecedent is not one word but a whole clause. Continuative clauses are always separated from the principal clause by a comma.

A continuative clause is introduced by the relative pronoun which, rendered in Russian by the pronoun .

Mr. Manston was not indoors, which was a relief to her. (Hardy)

But to-day.. he had slept only in snatches, which was worse than not sleeping at all. (Cronin)

For this purpose they probably lowered the bridge, which can be done quite noiselessly.

N o t e. The connection between the attributive continuative clause and the principal- clause is so loose that it is doubtful whether we have here a subordinate or a coordinate clause; it may be considered a borderline case between subordination and coordination.





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