He's awfully dear and unselfish. (Galsworthy)
Very often the predicative expressed by an adjective in English does not correspond to an adjective in Russian. It often corresponds to an adverb, serving as an adverbial modifier. . . , .
In this connection particular attention should be paid to the following verbs as they are very often used in everyday English: to look, to feel, to sound, to smell, to taste.
The dinner smells delicious. .
When she got angry, her voice ,
sounded shrill. .
She looks bad. " .
feels bad. .
This orange tastes bitter. .
As is seen from the examples given above all these predicative adjectives (with the exception of the one that follows the verb to taste) are rendered by adverbs in Russian.
3. By a pronoun () personal, possessive, negative, interrogative, reflexive, indefinite, defining.
It was he. The guns were his. (London) You are nobody. (London) Why? What is he?
But she was herself again, brushing her tears away. (Lindsay)
As a rule the pronoun in the function of a predicative is in the nominative case, but in Modern English there is a marked tendency to use personal pronouns in the objective case, especially the personal pronoun. It's me, Matt. (Lindsay) Someone said, "That's him!"
By a word of the category of state.
He was aware all the time of the stringy tie beneath the mackintosh, and the frayed sleeves... (Greene) But I'm afraid I can't keep the man. (Galsworthy)
By a numeral, cardinal or ordinal.
I'm only 46. (Shaw)
Mr. Snodgrass was the first to break the astonished silence. (Dickens)
By a prepositional phrase. .
The things were outside her experience. (Wells) After all, the little chap was on the side of the Capital. (Galsworthy)
By an infinitive, infinitive phrase, or an infinitive construction.
June's first thought was to go away. (Galsworthy)
His first act was to bolt the door on the inside. (Dickens)
The best thing is for you to move in with me. (Abrahams)
By a gerund, gerundial phrase, or gerundial construction.
My favourite sport is swimming.
The great secret, Eliza, is not having bad manners or good manners or any other, particular sort of manners, but having the same manners for all human souls. (Shaw)
The topic of their conversation was their going on an expedition.
By Participle II or very seldom Participle I; the latter is generally adjectivized.
He was surprised at the sound of his own voice. (London)
Here was change, indeed! I fell back astounded in my chair. (Buck)
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It is very distressing to me, sir, to give this information. (Dickens)
The moment was soothing to his sore spirit. (Sanborn)
By an adverb.
That was all. It was enough the way she said it. (Sanborn)
49. The Link verbs as a compound nominal predicate.
The compound nominal predicate denotes the state or quality of the person or thing expressed by the subject (e. g. He is tired, The book is interesting), or the class of persons or things to which this person or thing belongs (e. g. She is a student).
, , , .
The compound nominal predicate consists of a link verb and a predicative (the latter is also called the nominal part of the predicate). 䳺 ' .
The link verb expresses the verbal categories of person, number, tense, aspect, mood, sometimes voice. ij , , , , , .
Most link verbs to some extent preserve their meaning. 䳺 .
The following are the most common of these link verbs: to appear, to get, to grow, to continue, to feel, to keep, to look, to turn, to hold, to prove, to turn out, to loom, to rank, to remain, to run, to seem, to smell, to taste, to fall, to stand, to go, to work.
His wife sighed and remained silent. (London)
Harris grew more cheerful. (Jerome)
At my age I get nervous. (Galsworthy)
He soon fell fast asleep in my arms, sobbing at longer intervals. (Dickens)
The boat seemed stuffy. (Jerome)
She, for her part, felt recessive and thence evasive. (Dreiser)
Many of these verbs can be used both as verbs of complete predication fully preserving their concrete meaning and as link verbs.
There are some verbs which, though fully preserving their concrete meaning, perform the function of link verbs: they are used with a predicative and form a compound nominal predicate.
䳺, , , 䳺: .
Here belong: to lie, to sit, to die, to marry, to return, to leave, to come, to stand, to fall, to go, etc.
After many adventures I and a little girl lay senseless in the Bad Lands. (Haggard)
The poor woman sat amazed. (Trollope)
I stood transfixed with awe and joy. (Haggard)
Here the important thing is not that the speaker stood but that he stood transfixed with awe and joy. , , .
Happily, too, the greater part of the boys came back low-spirited. (Dickens)
Sometimes the predicative does not immediately follow these verbs but is separated from them by an adverbial.
One evening she came home elated. (0. Henry)
Thus the same verb when used as a link verb may either lose its meaning or fully preserve it.
Irene's hair was going gray. (Galsworthy) (link verb)
Tom went home miserable. (Twain) (notional verb performing the function of a link verb)
According to their meaning link verbs can be divided into two large groups:
(1) link verbs of being and remaining; ;
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(2) link verbs of becoming. .
The first group comprises such verbs as to be, to remain, to keep, to continue, to look, to smell, to stand, to sit, to lie, to shine, to seem, to prove, to appear, etc. The latter three verbs have some modal colouring.
Cotman was a nice-looking fellow, of thirty perhaps... (Maugham)
Do not delay, there is no time. Teacher Williams lies dead, already. (Buck)
The Western powers stood aloof. (Buck)
Idris, aged five, at a little desk all by himself near the fire, was looking extraordinarily pleased with life. (Cronin)
He felt exhausted not with physical fatigue, but with the weight of vague burdens. (Lindsay)
Either course seemed unthinkable, without any connection with himself. (Lindsay)
The door remained wide open; the voices inside were louder than ever. (Priestley)
... the dancing continues fast and furious. (Douglas)
That sounds not unsatisfactory. (Wilde)
The second group comprises such verbs as to become, to get, to grow, to come, to go, to leave, to run, to turn, to make, etc.
Oh, Adolphus Cusins will make a very good husband. (Shaw)
This becomes uninteresting, however, after a time. (Jerome)
How can I get married without my best man? (Lindsay)
And every month of his life he grew handsomer and more interesting. (Burnett)
The great day dawned misty, and overcast. (Du Maurier)
50. The Object as the secondary part of the sentence. Types of Objects.
The object is a secondary part of the sentence which completes or restricts the meaning of a verb or sometimes an adjective, a word denoting state, or a noun.
, 䳺 , , , .
Haviland closed the door. (Wilson) I was very proud of it. (Braddon)
He had never liked Soames. He now held him responsible for Bosinney's death.
"You are afraid of dying," said Bing. (Heym)
There are three kinds of objects in English: the direct object, the indirect, and the cognate object. (, ).
The direct object.
The direct object is used after transitive verbs with which it is closely connected as it denotes a person or thing directly affected by the action of the verb. It is used without any preposition. () 䳺, ', , 䳿 䳺. ³ . , , . Again I moved my head negatively. (Braddon) If we compare "Russian and English we shall see that in English there are more verbs taking a direct object than in Russian. This is due to the loss of case inflexions in English, the result of which is that the old Accusative and Dative have assumed the same form. Thus, if a transitive verb takes only one object expressed by a noun or pronoun without a preposition, it is always a direct object. 䳺 , , . I help my brother in his work. I helped him. . I envied him. . . mounted the horse. . plays chess. There are a few English verbs which can have two direct objects. I asked him his name. Forgive me this question. She taught them French. The indirect object.
The indirect object denotes a living being to whom the action of the verb is directed. There are also cases when it denotes a thing. , 䳺 . , . There are two types of indirect object: 1. The indirect object of the first type, which expresses the addressee of the action. She gave him an interesting book to read. Don't forget to buy him a toy on his birthday. He . N o t e.There are three verbs which may take an indirect object without any direct object. In this case the indirect object is used with the preposition to. These verbs are: to read, to writ, to sing. When I was ill she often read to me. Won't you sing to me? Write to me as often as you can. There is, however, a tendency in Modern English to use no preposition with the verb to write. Write me as often as you can. 2. The indirect object of the second type, which is more frequently used with intransitive verbs than with transitive ones and which does not always express the addressee' of the action. , , 䳺 䳿. An idea had occurred to Soames. (Galsworthy) My childhood was passed with a grandmother. (Dickens) I want to thank you for your kindness. I am uneasy about it. She was not aware of his being there. Her behaviour to her friends was irreproachable. Yates's mind was like a cauldron in which boiled the general tension in town, the expectation of getting to Yasha. (Heym) The complex object.
The complex object consists of two components, of which the second stands in predicate relation to the first. The two components form an indivisible unit and consequently must be regarded as one part of the sentence. The complex object can be non-prepositional and prepositional. , . ֳ ' , , . . I observed Agnes turn pale. Thus these two waited with impatience for the three years to be over. The first component of the complex object is a noun in the common case or in the possessive case, a personal pronoun in the objective case, or a possessive pronoun; the second is an infinitive, a participle, a gerund, seldom a noun, an adjective, a word denoting state, or a prepositional phrase. He hated her to work in the boarding house. (Prichard) He could see the man and Great Beaver talking together. (London) She thinks herself very clever. As he spoke, he felt himself unusually on edge. (Lindsay) The cognate object.
There is a special kind of object in English which has the following peculiarities. 1. It is used with intransitive verbs though it has no preposition. ³ 䳺, . 2. It is expressed by a noun which is either of the same root as the verb or is similar to it in meaning. ³ , 䳺 . 3. It is almost regularly attended by an attribute with which it forms a combination that is close in meaning to an adverbial modifier: to live a happy life to life happily. ³ "" , , . The cognate object is generally used in such combinations as: to smile a sad smile, to laugh a bitter laugh, to die a violent death, etc. But she died a dreadful death, poor soul.. (Collins) , .. For the next four days he lived a simple and blameless life on thin captain's biscuits. . 51. The Attribute as the secondary part of the sentence. The position of Attributes. The attribute is a secondary part of the sentence which qualifies a noun, a pronoun, or any other part of speech that has a nominal character. , , , - , . An attribute can be either in pre-position or in post-position to the word it modifies. What did she do with herself.. in that little hole? (Galsworthy) Under a tree opposite Knightsbridge Barracks.. he took out once more the morocco case. As a result of the loss of inflexions, the attribute in English, as distinct from Russian, does not agree with the word it modifies in number, case, or gender. It may be expressed by almost any part of speech. , , , modifies , , . The position of an attribute depends on the following: 1. The morphological nature of the attribute. Adjectives, participles, gerunds, nouns in the common and the possessive cases, pronouns, ordinal numerals, and quotation nouns generally premodify the headword. 1. . , 䳺, 䳺, , , , , premodify . He was a little man, with a thin voice. Val had just changed out of riding clothes and was on his way to the party. The apple trees were in blossom. Its not always easy to understand a childs language. The third attempt gave no result. His eyes travelled over the landscape at their feet. Adverbs, statives, cardinal numerals and infinitives are generally postmodifying attributes. , statives, , , . Participles II, statives, and adjectives of verbal origin used as attributes also tend to occupy the position after the headword. The people involved were reported to the police. When we build cities we think about generations unborn. Adjectives ending in - able, -ible are mostly postpositive as attributes. They often follow a headword preceded by only or a similar word with a limiting meaning. The only person visible was the policeman (who could be seen). The only way of escaping imaginable was through the window (which could be imagined). 2. he extension of the attribute. Non-detached attributes are postmodifying when expressed by extended phrases or complexes. The influence of extension can be illustrated by the following pairs of examples: 2. . . : Here are some more examples: They passed the bodies of British soldiers killed that night. It was a little log house with whitewashed walls. He held a letter in his hands, a letter from his mother. He appeared to be a small man of about fifty. They chose a way longer than the other. 3. The morphological nature of the headword. Such words as demonstrative or indefinite pronouns and numerals cannot have an attribute in preposition. Those coming first occupied the best seats. Most of their time animals spend in search of something eatable. There is nothing interesting in this book. All present were disgusted by his behaviour. Note 1: Non-detached postmodifying attributes are foundin traditional phrases borrowed from French or Latin, such as blood royal, time immemorial, the second person plural, heir apparent (heir presumptive). Lords spiritual, Lords temporal. Note 2: There are cases when the headword is embedded between parts of the attribute, as in: I was told that you were the best man available (the best available man). 52. The Adverbial modifier. The semantic characteristics of the adverbial modifiers. The adverbial modifier is a secondary part of the sentence which modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb. According to their meaning we distinguish the following kinds of adverbial modifiers.
It is a sensible suggestion.
He found himself in a difficult situation.
It is a suggestion sensible in many ways.
He found himself in a situation difficult from his point of view.