. .
" "
1
1999
1.
2.
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5
2.2
3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1
9.
2
10.
11.
11.1
11.2
11.3
3
4
12.
12.1
5
12.2
6
13. .
14. , .
15. - , .
15.1
7
16.
16.1 . .
8
16.2 FUNCTION,
9
17. :
17.1
17.2
17.3
10
18. :
18.1
18.2
11
Pascal () 1969-71. - Turbo Pascal - ANSI Pascal.
Turbo Pascal (TP) , :
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
, , .
, (CR - - Enter LF - ). 126 .
:
1. a z A Z, "_", . ( , , ).
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2. 0 9.
3. , 23:
+ - * / =.,:; ' < > () { } [ ] $ @ # ^ .
-
. :
1) ( ) : Begin, End, Var,
Type, Label, Const, If, Then, Else, For, Do, While, Repeat .
.
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2) ( ) ( ) , , , , , , , , .. , . , 63 . .
3) - , , .
4) , :
) : + (), - (), * (), / ( ), mod ( ), div ( );
) : < - (), > - (), <= - ( ), >= - ( ), = - (), <> - ( );
) : and - , or - , not - , xor - ;
) : * - , + - , - - , IN - .
5) , .
6) - , , {} (* *), . .
7) , , .
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1, [1] . . , , .
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1
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- ;
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- ;
- ( ) ;
- ( ) , -.
ORD(), . :
PRED(X) - ;
SUCC(X) - .
. , , .
1 ( ) ( 5), .
1
| , | ||
| Byte | 0255 | |
| ShortInt | -128+127 | |
| Word | 065535 | |
| Integer | -32768+32767 | |
| LongInt | -2147483648+2147483647 |
: ( 0 9) ( 0 9 A F, $).
: + - , - - , * - , / - " ", , Div - , Mod - .
, / - , (/) .
, 2 3.
, , - , . , .
2
| , | |||
| Hi(X) | Integer Word | Byte Byte | |
| Lo(X) | Integer Word | Byte Word | |
| Odd(X) | LongInt | Boolean | True, - - |
| Swap(X) | Integer Word | Integer Word |
3
| , | ||
| Randomize | - , Random | |
| Inc(X) | X - | 1 |
| Dec(X) | X - | 1 |
| Inc(X,N) | Dec(X,N) | N |
| Dec(X,N) | Dec(X,N) | N |
(Boolean) 2- : False () True ().
, False < True.
:
ORD(False) = True;
ORD(True) = False;
SUCC(False) = True;
PRED(True) = False.
1 . : AND (), OR (), NOT ().
|
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(Char) ASCII (American Code for Information Interchange - ). 256 , . , , . 0 255. , ORD.
, , ( ): 'A', 'B', , 'a', 'b', , '1', '2', , '*', '+' . .
, : #K, - .
: #13 - Enter; #27 - Esc; #8 - Backspace.
, Char , : 'A' < 'M'; 'A' < 'a' . ., :
CHR(b) - b byte .
: Chr(90) 'Z'.
ORD(S) - S ASCII.
: Ord('Z') , 90.
UPCASE(CH) - , CH - , CH.
: Upcase('z') 'Z'.
PRED(S) - , S.
SUCC(S) - , S.
( ) (), . . : 0, - 1 .. 65366 . Ord, Pred, Succ, .
.
.
1. :
TypeDays=(Monday,Tuesday,Wednsday,Thday,Friday,Sutterday,Sunday).
2. :
TypeYear=(jan,feb,mar,apr,may,jun,jul,aug,sep,oct,nov,dec).
, : , 4- . ( ) . - . :
< >.. < >
- :
Typedate=1..31; TypeMonth=1..12; TypeSim='A'..'Z'
- :
Day:1..31; Month:1..12; Sim:'A'..'Z' ..
, .
:
HIGH(X) - - , ;
LOW(X) - - , .
|
|
|
. (. 4).
4
| , | |||
| Real | 11-12 | 2.9 E-391.7 E +38 | |
| Single | 7-8 | 1.5 E-453.4 E+38 | |
| Double | 15-16 | 5.0 E-3241.7 E+308 | |
| Extended | 19-20 | 3.4E-49511.1E+4932 | |
| Comp | -2 E+63 +2 E+63 -1 |
, Real, .
: .
, , :
0.5, 5.25, 5.0, -16. 055 ..
: m E p,
m - , - ( 10), - ; m - , ; - , , :
4 -5 (
), 0.62 4 (
), -1.6 22 
.
: *, /, +, -.
" ".
5 , .
5
| Abs(X) | |||
| Sin(X) | |||
| Cos(X) | |||
| ArcTan(X) | |||
| Sqrt(X) | , (>0) | ||
| Sqr(X) | , | ||
| Exp(X) | |||
| Ln(X) | , (>0) | ||
| Pi | p | ||
| Trunc(X) | Longint | ||
| Frac(X) | |||
| Int(X) | |||
| Round(X) | Longint | ||
| Random | (0...1) | ||
| Random(X) | Word | Word | (0...) |
| Odd(X) | True, - - |
5:
1. (Byte, ShortInt, Word, Integer, LongInt);
2. Real . . , , .
3. ArcTan(X) ( - p /2 + p/2).
4. Trunc Int .
TurboPascal
TurboPascal() : , ..
Begin
End.
, , , , , . (Unit), Uses, . :
Uses CRT;
CRT, , , , , , , - .
: , ..
:
1. , .
2. .
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3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
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USES.
LABEL, - CONST, - TYPE, - VAR.
,
Begin... End.
";". . . .
1 9999. Label. ( ).
Label ; Label 1, 2, , N;
, ":".
: ;
:
Label m1, m2, met1, l1, lab, 125;
, ( ) () Var , .
, .
VAR : ;
:
Var x:real; i: byte;
S: char; b: boolean;
Days: 1..31;
:
Var a, b, c: real;
I,j,k:byte;
m, months:1..12;
, , .
, () , . , , 64 .
, , .
, Var:
Var : ;
Type:
Type = ;
:
Type Diapason = 1..1000;
T_days = 1..31;
T_symbol = 'a'..'z';
T_Month = (j,f,mr,ap,may,jn,jl,ag,s,o,n,d);
, .
, Type Var:
Var
i,i,n:Diapason;
Day:T_days;
Sim,ch:T_symbol;
Mes:T_Month;
