Множественное число имен существительных

 

Произно­шение -(e)s	В каких случаях	Примеры
[s]	После глухих согласных	book книга lamp лампа	à   à	books [s] книги lamps [s] лампы
[z]	1. После звонких соглас­ных и гласных     2. У после гласной   3. Если существительное оканчивается на -о 4. Если существительное оканчивается на -f, -fe (-f, -fe переходят в -v-)	room комната girl девочка bee пчела boy мальчик hero герой life жизнь	à   à   à   à   à   à	rooms [z] комнаты girls [z] девочки bees[z] пчелы boys [z] мальчики heroes [z] герои lives [z] жизни
[Iz]	1. Если существительное оканчивается на -s, -ss, -x, -sh, -ch, -tch, во множест­венном числе прибавляет­ся -es 2. Y после согласной (-у переходит в -i)+es	bus автобус box коробка family семья	à   à   à	buses [iz] автобусы boxes [iz] коробки families [iz] семьи

 

Особые случаи образования множественного

Числа существительных

Единственное число	Множественное число
person [pWsn] – человек man [mxn] - мужчина woman ['wumen] - женщина child [tSaIld] - ребёнок foot [fut] - нога tooth [tHT] - зуб	people [pJpl] - люди men [men] - мужчины women ['wImIn] - женщины children ['tSIldren] - дети feet [fi:t] - ноги teeth [tJT] - зубы

 

Хронологические даты

Годы, в отличие от русского языка, обозначаются коли­чественными числительными следующим образом:

1900 - nineteen hundred

1905 - nineteen oh five

1999 - nineteen ninety-nine

 

но

2000 - two thousand

2006 - two thousand and six

 

Мы пишем: 3/6/1999 or 3 June 1999

Мы говорим: The third of June nineteen ninety-nine.

or

June the third, nineteen ninety-nine.

 

Числительные

Количественные

1—12	13—19	20—90	100 и далее
1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten 11 eleven 12 twelve	13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen	20 twenty 21 twenty-one 22 twenty-two и т. д. 30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety	100 a (one) hundred 101 a (one) hundred and one 102 a (one) hundred and two и т. д. 200 two hundred 300 three hundred 400 four hundred и т. д. 1.000 a (one) thousand 1.001 a (one) thousand and one 1,250 a (one) thousand two hun­dred and fifty 2.000 two thousand 2.001 two thousand and one 2,235 two thousand two hundred and thirty-five 3,000 three thousand 4,000 four thousand 100,000 a (one) hundred thousand 1,000,000 a (one) million 1,000,000,000 a (one) milliard (в Англии); a (one) billion (в США)

 

Порядковые

1-й—12-й	13-й—19-й	20-й—90-й	100-й и далее
1st first 2nd second 3rd third 4th fourth 5th fifth 6th sixth 7th seventh 8th eighth 9th ninth 10th tenth 11th eleventh 12th twelfth	13th thirteenth 14th fourteenth 15th fifteenth 16th sixteenth 17th seventeenth 18th eighteenth 19th nineteenth	20th twentieth 21st twenty-first 22nd twenty-second и т д. 30th thirtieth 40th fortieth 50th fiftieth 60th sixtieth 70th seventieth 80th eightieth 90th ninetieth	100th hundredth 101st hundred and first 102nd hundred and second и т.д. 200th two hundredth 201st two hundred and first и т д. 300th three hundredth 400th four hundredth и т.д. 1,000th thousandth 1,001st thousand and first 1,002nd thousand and second и т.д. 1,000,000th millionth

 

ABC
Печатный шрифт	Рукописный шрифт	Название буквы	Звук
A a	A a	[eI]	[eI]
B b	B b	[bJ]	[b]
C c	C c	[sJ]	[s] - e,i,y [k]
D d	D d	[dJ]	[d]
E e	E e	[J]	[J]
F f	F f	[ef]	[f]
G g	G g	[dZJ]	[G] – e,i,y [g]
H h	H h	[eItS]	[h]
I i	I i	[aI]	[aI]
J j	J j	[dZeI]	[G]
K k	K k	[keI]	[k]
L l	L l	[el]	[l]
M m	M m	[em]	[m]
N n	N n	[en]	[n]
O o	O o	[Ou]	[Ou]
P p	P p	[pJ]	[p]
Q q	Q q	[kjH]	- qu - [kw]
R r	R r	[R]	[r]
S s	S s	[es]	[s] [z]
T t	T t	[tJ]	[t]
U u	U u	[jH]	[jH]
V v	V v	[vJ]	[v]
W w	W w	['dAbl jH]	[w]
X x	X x	[eks]	[ks] [gz]
Y y	Y y	[waI]	[aI]
Z z	Z z	[zed]	[z]

Сводная таблица чтения четырех основных

Типов ударных слогов.

Тип слога Буквы
a[eI]	[eI] pane	[x] pan	[R] par	[eq] pare
o[Ou]	[Ou] tope	[O] top	[L] tor	[L] tore
e[J]	[J] he	[e] hen	her     bird   [W] Byrd   curt	[Iq] here
i[aI]     y[waI]	bide   [aI] by	bid   [I] blyth	dire   [aIq] byre
u[jH]	[jH] cute	[A] cut	[jHq] cure

 

 

Таблица чтения четырех основных типов ударных слогов
A a [eI]	a [x]	ar [R]	are [eq]	E e [J]	e [e]	er [W]	ere [Iq]
pane	pan	par	pare	he	hen	her	here
spate	spat	spar	spare	mete	met	mer	mere
cape	cap	car	care	seme	set	serve	sere
mane	man	mar	mare	we	wet	stern	stere
Dane	dan	darn	dare
hate	hat	hart	hare
bane	ban	barn	bare
fate	fat	fart	fare
					I i(Y y) [aI]	i(y) [I]	i(y)r [W]	i(y)re [aIq]
				fine	fin	fir	fire
					pine	pin	pirn	pire
				spite	spit	spirt	spire
				hide	hid	hirst	hire
				bide	bid	Byrd	byre
				syce	cyst	sir	sire
				try	tryst	hyrst	tyre
O o [Ou]	o [O]	or [L]	ore [L]
tope	top	tor	tore
bone	bon	born	bore
code	cod	cord	core
lope	lop	lord	lore	U u [jH]	u [A]	ur [W]	ure [jHq]
mote	mot	mort	more	cute	cut	curt	cure
pope	pop	port	pore	huke	hull	hurl	hure
tote	tot	tort	tore	cube	cub	curb	cure
note	not	nor	snore	tune	tun	pur	pure

 

Сочетания гласных

 

A a	ai – [eI] – ay	au - [L] - aw	ai + r [eq]
	mail plain sail pain lain wail	may play say pay lay way	autumn August haunt haul maul fault	awful lawn dawn law saw paw	air pair fair hair stair lair
E e	ei – [eI] – ey	eu – [jH] - (i)ew	ee - [J] - ea
	lei vein veil feint deign feign	ley hey fey bey grey they	feud deuce neutral feudal neuter Euclid	few pew dew new mew view	see been meet heel peel week	sea bean meat heal peal weak
ea - [e] –перед d l(th) sant sure	ee + r - [Iq] - ea + r	ea + r [W] + согласная
dead head lead bread spread stead	health wealth breath death leather weather	peasant pleasant pheasant	pleasure treasure measure	deer seer sneer leer peer veer	dear ear near clear spear fear	earn learn earl pearl earth bearth
O o	oi - [OI] - oy	ou - [au] – ow + согласная	ow – [Ou] – в конце слова	ou – [L] + gh + t – [Lt]
	oil soil spoil coin loin join	boy toy hoy joy enjoy employ	out rout house noun loud cloud	owl scowl brown town down crown	low tow snow grow fellow window	ought nought bought brought fought sought
oo – [H]	oo - [u] + k	oa – [Ou] - oe	oo + r - [L] - oa + r	ou + r – [auq]
cool pool tool toon root spoon	cook took hook look rook spook	boat coat soap coast road roast	toe foe doe floe woe throe	door floor poor spoor poor floor	oar boar board soar roar coarse	our sour dour flour lour scour

Сочетания согласных

(t)ch - [tS]	chess, chat, chut, hatch, latch, match
sh – [S]	ash, dash, cash, dish, fish, fresh
ck - [k]	pack, stack, slack, lock, clock, block
gh – [-]	eight, light, right, high, weigh, sigh
gn – [n]	sign,design
kn – [n]	knife, knock, knot, knob, knop, knit
mb – [m]	comb, bomb
mn – [m]	autumn, hymn
ng – [N]	long, song, thing, lung, sung, stung
nk – [Nk]	ink, pink, think, drink, drunk, trunk,
ph – [f]	phone, phase, alphabet, photograph
qu – [kw]	quick, quite, question
th – [D]	this, these, that, those, gather, bathe
th – [T]	thin, thick, myth, math, kith, depth
wh – [w]	when, which, why, what, white, while
wh – [h] перед o	who, whose, whole
wr – [r]	write, wrote, writ, wrist, wrest, wrap