1865 . . . Q, , , .
, , δQ/T. , , , :
. (12.3)
, , , δQ/T , , . ,
. (12.4)
, δQ/T, S.
(12.3) ,
Δ S = 0. (12.5)
, , , :
Δ S >0. (12.6)
(12.5) (12.6) , , . (12.5) (12.6)
Δ S ≥0, (12.7)
. . ( ), ( ).
1 2, , (12.4),
Δ S 1→2= S 2 S 1= . (12.8)
, . (12.8) , . , .
(12.8), . dU=ν CVdT, δΑ=pdV=ν RT ,
Δ S 1→2= S 2 S 1 = ν CV + ν R = ν ,(12.9)
. . Δ S 1→2 1 2 1→2.
δQ = 0, Δ S= 0 , , S =const, . . . . (12.9) , (T 1 = 2)
Δ S = ν ,
(V 1= V 2)
Δ S = ν .
: , . , , ( ).
: .
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|
W , , , ( , W > 1, . . ( < 1!)).
, :
S = k ln W, (12.12)
: k . , , . , . (12.12) : . , , , . , c .
, , . , , , , .
(12.7) (12.9), , ( ), ( ).
, , , , , , . , . . , , .