1. Under what circumstances can the moisture in this air condense into water in the fuel tank? 2. What system gets rid of the burned gases? 3. Why shouldn’t a driver run the engine m a closed garage? 4. What is used for protection against gas line icing? 5. Which gas is deadly? 6. How can a spark plug he used sometimes? 7. What is a normal color for the spark end of the plug? 8. Is the black color normal for the spark end of the plug? 9. What are the signs that a driver has a problem or needs a complete tune-up? 10. Will damaged spark plugs have to be replaced?
Exercise 3 Translate and memorize the following expressions from the text.
Fuel tank, as long as, a certain amount of, can condense into water, cut off the fuel supply, a warning sign, fuel system de-icer, exhaust system, twice a year, switch your engine off, to check the spark plugs, diagnostic tool, a complete tune up, have to be replaced, ignition system, optimum driving conditions, to be available, in the proper operation, it is measured by, to carry the
electrical current.
Exercise 4 Find synonyms among the following words.
Completely, kind, replace, exscind, avoid, examination, ordinary, amount, many, protect, must, fast, figures, quantity, rapid, occasionally, change, cut off, inspection, entirely, elude, require, have to, data, type, sometimes, normal, a lot of, defend, demand.
Exercise 5 Write a summary of the text, presenting the content of each paragraph in 2-3 sentences. Use the expressions:
The main idea of the text is... The text deals with one of the most important (urgent) issues... Much attention (consideration) is given to (classification, description)... It focuses on the matters of … The text gives an overview of... The text is mainly concerned with... The aim of the survey is to show (demonstrate, find)... Particular emphasis is given to the analysis of... The text gives a detailed analysis of (reports on)... To sum up... In conclusion...
Индивидуальное задание для студентов заочного отделения к курсу
«Английский язык»
Вариант № 14/3c
Exercise 1 Read the text and translate it in written form.
WHEELS AND TIRES
Tire is a covering mounted on the rim of a wheel that serves as a cushion and surface for traction. Tires are used on road vehicles, tractors, aircraft and spacecraft landing gear, factory and warehouse machinery, and on a variety of other vehicles, including shopping carts and baby carriages. Tires are made of chemically treated rubber and fabric. Those for indoor use are generally solid rubber with a smooth surface, while those used outdoors are pneumatic, or hollow and filled with pressurized air, and have a traction pattern cut into the surface. This article deals primarily with pneumatic tires.
Parts of a Tire
The main parts of the pneumatic tire are the tread, the body, and the beads. The tread is a thick pad of rubber into which grooves are cut to form cleats or ridges. The tread provides traction to move and stop a vehicle and to prevent skidding and sliding while a vehicle is in motion. Tractor and snow tires have especially deep grooves that enable the tire to move through soft earth or deep snow.
The body gives the tire its strength and form. It consists of layers of fabric permeated with rubber. The fabric in most passenger vehicle tire bodies is polyester. Each fabric layer is called a ply, and the strength of a tire is sometimes described by the number of plies in its body. Most automobile tires have two plies.
The beads of a tire are the two bands that hold the tire to its wheel. They are located along the tire’s inner edges and are made up of strands of wire surrounded by rubber and covered with fabric.
Tire Manufacture
Tires are made of both natural and synthetic rubber; chemicals, such as carbon black, oils, and waxes, which are added to strengthen the rubber; and fabric, which may be nylon, polyester, or steel fabric. Each part of a tire requires its own mix of chemicals and rubber.
When a tire is manufactured, raw rubber and chemicals are blended in large mixers with two steel-toothed paddle wheels that cum against each other. The rubber is heated and kneaded to a gummy consistency. The mixture is then removed from the mixers and fed through a pelletizer (гранулятор), which extrudes small rubber pellets.
Meanwhile, fabric is dipped in latex and subjected to a stabilization treatment. The rubber pellets are again kneaded to a hot, gummy texture. Then the rubber is molded into a thin coating, which is pressed into each side of the fabric. The coated fabric is cut into lengths to make one layer, or ply, of the inner body of the tire.
Rubber is also applied to high-tensile bronze-coated steel wire. Several strands of the rubber-coated wire are wound into a hoop and then sewn with nylon cord to form each of the two tire beads. Another batch of rubber is fed into an extruder, which forces soft rubber through a die or opening to create a covering that has the basic shape of the tread and sidewall.
The fabric, beads, and covering are combined on a tire-building machine. A tire builder applies layers of fabric to a revolving drum to form the inner core of the tire. The builder then places a wire bead around each end of the drum, turns the fabric up to cover the beads, and finally wraps the rubber covering around the other parts.
The tire parts are then fused together in a tire press, which contains an aluminium mold with the outline of the tread design and sidewall lettering. As the press closes on the tire, a rubber bladder inflates and forces the tire, whose outside is still soft rubber, into the mold. After curing, the tire is automatically ejected onto a conveyor belt to be inspected, balanced, and trimmed.
In conventional bias-ply construction, the threads, or cords, of the fabric ply lie at an angle to the tread line of the tire. In radial tires, the cords run straight across. Radial tires also have fiberglass or steel belts between the plies and the tread. A bias-belted tire combines these features and has both angled cords and a belt. This arrangement strengthens the sidewalls and increases the tire's load-carrying capacity.
