1. What kind of engine is the Otto-cycle engine? 2. Where is the mixture sucked? 3. When is the fuel mixture ignited? 4. What ignites the fuel mixture? 5. Which valve is opened during the final stroke? 6. What is the efficiency of the diesel engine? 7. Why is a diesel engine considered to be slow-speed? 8. Which engine, diesel or Otto-cycle, is more heavily built? 9. What oil and fuel is used in a diesel engine? 10. What disadvantage of a diesel engine is mentioned in the text?
Exercise 3 Translate and memorize the following expressions from the text.
A four-stroke engine, a complete power cycle, the intake valve, the motion of the piston, a quantity of a fuel and air mixture, expanding and exerting a pressure, the mixture is ignited by, the exhaust gases, to be limited by, increase of efficiency, at constant volume, combustion chamber, to be heated to, burns instantly, auxiliary electrical ignition systems, to control the efficiency, crankshaft speed, compression ratio, can be operated.
Exercise 4 Find synonyms among the following words.
Complete, counterbalance, permanent, achieve, mixture, approximately, in general, typical, efficiency, modern, increase, operate, repeat, power, motion, entire, energy, movement, reach, on the whole, present-day, growth, effectiveness, constant, act, nearly, normal, recur, neutralize, combination.
Exercise 5 Write a summary of the text, presenting the content of each paragraph in 2-3 sentences. Use the expressions:
The main idea of the text is... The text deals with one of the most important (urgent) issues... Much attention (consideration) is given to (classification, description)... It focuses on the matters of … The text gives an overview of... The text is mainly concerned with... The aim of the survey is to show (demonstrate, find)... Particular emphasis is given to the analysis of... The text gives a detailed analysis of (reports on)... To sum up... In conclusion...
Индивидуальное задание для студентов заочного отделения к курсу
«Английский язык»
Вариант № 9/3c
Exercise 1 Read the text and translate it in written form.
The Brakes
1. How to check the brake system. The most important safety item on the car is often the most ignored. A simple test will signal the problem. If you have power brakes, turn on the engine to do the test. Push the brake pedal down and hold it down. The pedal should stop firmly about halfway to the floor and stay there. If the stop is smooth or the pedal keeps moving slowly to the floor, you should have your brakes checked.
2. Parking brakes let you know when they need adjustment. As lining wear, you must move the handle or foot pedal a greater distance before the brakes are fully engaged. Also, the cables and linkage should be lubricated when the parking brakes are adjusted.
3. How you can check the brake fluid. The most important item in brake system maintenance is periodic checking of the brake-fluid level. Check the level monthly or, at least, at every oil change. Many new cars have translucent brake fluid reservoirs in which the level can be seen or checked without removing the cover. Check your owner’s manual for its exact location.
4. On cars with opaque reservoirs, carefully wipe off the reservoir cover to remove any dirt before checking the level then pry the retaining clip aside and remove the cover. The fluid level should be kept about a half inch from the top on reservoirs that are not otherwise marked.
5. If you add your own brake fluid, buy it in small cans and store them tightly sealed in a cool dry place. Discard open containers after one year. Brake fluid absorbs moisture. Excess moisture can damage your brake system.
6. Three different grades of automotive brake fluid are available. Using the correct grade is essential to maintaining proper brake operation in all driving conditions. Check your owner’s manual for the right brake fluid for your car.
Transmission
7. How a driver can check the automatic transmission. An automatic transmission is a very complicated item and expensive to replace. Checking your fluid level is easy and can prevent an expensive repair job. You will first find the transmission fluid dipstick. Usually it is at the rear of the engine and looks like a smaller version of the oil dipstick. To get an accurate reading, the engine should be warmed up and running. If the fluid is below the ADD line, pour in one pint at a time. Be sure not to overfill the reservoir.
8. While checking the fluid, note its colour. It should be bright cherry red. If it is a darker, reddish brown one, the fluid needs changing. If it is very dark, nearly black, and has a burned smell, like vanish, your transmission may be damaged. You should take it to the specialist. Automatic-transmission fluid is available at most department stores. Check the owner’s manual or the transmission dipstick for the correct type for your car because the choice of transmission fluid affects the shifting characteristics of the.
9. How a driver can check the manual transmission. Always be sure the clutch pedal is loose enough to push down a half inch to an inch, depending on the car, before the clutch engages. If should require more pressure yet to push it to the floor. Have your clutch adjusted if the amount of play exceeds one inch. Fluid levels in both the transmission and differential should be checked with each oil change, or when you notice erratic or rough gear shifting. Both are signs that the level is low. On most cars the manual transmission lubrication does not require changing but should be replenished if it gets low.
10. How a driver can make the transmission last. Automatic transmissions are more susceptible to damage than manual transmissions. One reason is that they are so automatic that we tend to neglect them. Another reason is that they are more complex than manual transmissions
