:
1. .
2. , , .
3. .
. , . .
. 1924 .. : "... ". , , , , , , .
1864 , . , , , , , - . . .
. , , , . , , 0,01 , , 0,003-0,001 , , , ( ), . . , , , , , . 3 .
.. (1963) . , , - .
.. (1965) . , , , , , , , , , .
|
|
.
, , , , () . 15-20% , - 20-30%, - 17-21%.
, , , , .
; , . . , , , .., . , , .
. . , . . .
() () ; 5 10 100; 200; 500 1000 3. (. 7).
. 7.
() , () (), () (0) . , , 3.
, . , , () , . () , () , , , .
|
|
() (1) . () , . , -. , (). () (.8).
.8.
, (). , (). , , . , () . () , , , , . , () , () (2) 0,1 (>500 3) 0,01 - .
() (m0). (). () , .
0,01 (m1) 105 .
3
_________________________________
____________________
___________________________________
. | , | |||||
0-5 | 10-20 | 20-30 | ||||
1. | ||||||
1. | () | - | - | |||
2. | ||||||
3. | ||||||
4. | V | |||||
5. | Po | |||||
6. | P1 | |||||
7. | P2 | |||||
8. | - | - | ||||
9. | m0 | |||||
10. | m1 | |||||
11. | m2 | |||||
12. | W | % | ||||
13. | M | |||||
14. | γ | /3 | ||||
15. | VT | 3 | ||||
16. | V1T | % | ||||
17. | Vc | 3 | ||||
18. | O | % | ||||
19. | V | 3 | ||||
20. | O | % | ||||
21. | V | 3 | ||||
22. | O | % | ||||
23. | d | / | ||||
24. | W1 | % | ||||
25. | VA | % | ||||
26. | , % | VB | % | |||
27. | . | W2 | ||||
28. | ( ) | VA | % |
|
|
, (m2).
, .
.
0-10 .
: = 5,5 ;
- 10 ;
- 162,8 ;
1 - 521,4 ;
2 - 561,5 ;
m0 - 24,0 ;
m1 - 40,5 ;
m2 - 36,8 .
:
1. ( - V):
n2 3,14 5,52
V = ----------- = --------------- 10 = 237,5 3
4 4
2. (W):
(m1 - m2) 100 (40,5 - 36,8) 100 3,7 100
W = ---------------------- = ------------------------ = --------------- = 28,9%
m2 - m0 36,8 - 24,0 12,8
3. ():
(P2 - P0) 100 (561,5-162,8)
= -------------------------- = ------------------------ = 309,3
100 + W 100 + 28,9
4. (V):
309,3
V = ------- = ---------- = 118,0 3
y 2,62
5. (V1):
V 100 118,0 100
V1 = -------------- = ------------------- = 49,7%
V 237,4
6. (V):
V = V - V = 237,4 - 118,0 = 119,4 3
7. ():
Vc 100 119,4 100
= --------------- = ------------------- = 50,3%
V 237,4
8. (V):
V = (2 - 0) - = (561,5 - 162,8) - 309,3 = 89,4 3
9. ():
W 100 89,4 100
= ------------ = ------------------ = 37,6 %
V 237,4
10. (V):
V = V - V = 119,4 - 89,4 = 30,0 3
11. ():
V 100 30,0 100
= ------------------ = ---------------- = 12,7 %
V 237,4
12. ():
12,7
= ----- = -------- = 0,33
37,6
13. (d):
309,3
d = ----- = ------------ = 1,30 /3
V 237,4
14. (W):
(1 - 0) - (521,4 - 162,8) - 309,3 4900
W1 = ------------------ 100 = ------------------------------ 100 = -------- = 15,9%
309,3 309,3
15. (V) - , ):
|
|
Vc - (P1 - P0 - M) 119,4 - (521,4-162,8-309,3) 100
V = ------------------------ 100 = ------------------------------------------ = 58,7%
Vc 119,4
16. (V - , ):
(1-0 - ) (521,4-162,8-309,3) 100
V = ------------------- 100 = ------------------------------------- = 41,3
Vc 119,4
17. (W2):
W1 d H 15,8 1,3 10
W2 = ----------------- = ---------------------- = 20,5 /, 205 3/
10 10
18. ( - VA):
Vc - (2-0 - ) 119,4 - (561,5 - 162,8 - 309,3)
V! = ------------------- 100 = ------------------------------------- 100 = 25,1%
Vc 119,4
(g) .
( 3-4 ), , - . , - (). . .
(1), . , . , 3-4 , , .
(, ) . 2-3 . , . , - , 0,25 0,5 , . ( 15-20 ), (2), . . . :
1. (V):
2
V = --------- (3).
2. (W) :
(m1 - m2) 100
W = ------------------- %.
(m2 - m0)
3. ():
(2 - 0) 100
= -------------------- .
100 + W
4. (d):
d = -------- / 3.
V
5. ():
γ - d d
= ------------ 100% = (1 - -----) 100%.
γ γ
6. ( ):
W = W d %. (14)
7. ( ):
= V - W. (15)
8. ():
V
= ----------. (16)
, (. 9).
.9. (1) (2)
, , . .
(V) () (V) (m), (m1).
|
|
, 2/3 , , .
( 15 ) , , ( ), , , (m2).
, , , . + (m2) (m3) . (m), , (m4), , :
m2 - m3 = m - m4.
, γ, - γ 1, - V, , :
m = V γ m4 = V γ 1.
, :
m2 - m3 = V γ - V γ 1 = V (γ - γ 1),
m2 - m3
V = ------------- 3.
γ - γ 1
(γ 1) 4 1, :
m2 - m3
V = -------------. (17)
γ -1
() (V) (V):
V - V
= V - V (3) = ------------ 100 (%). (18)
V
() (W) (m) :
V W m W
= ----------------- (3) = ------------- 100 (%). (19)
100 V
() (), ():
= - %.
.
(V) (m) , , (d):
m
d = ------ /3.
V
:
(m1 m0) - m
W = -------------------- 100%.
m
4.
, , .
:
> 25% -
10-25% -
15-20% - ()
5-10% -
< 5% -
0,25-0,5.
2.
4
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/ | . | , | ||||
0-5 | 10-20 | 20-30 | ||||
1. | ||||||
1. | ||||||
2. | ||||||
3. | , | V | 3 | |||
4. | - | - | ||||
5. | m0 | |||||
6. | m1 | |||||
7. | m2 | |||||
8. | m3 | |||||
9. | m4 | |||||
10. | m | |||||
11. | V1 | 3 | ||||
12. | % | |||||
13. | % | |||||
14. | % | |||||
15. | d | /3 | ||||
16. | W | % | ||||
17. | W | % | ||||
18. | γ | /3 |
: - .
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. , ?
6. ?
7. ?
8. ?
1. . . ... - .: , 1986.
2. .., .. . - .: , 1986, . 105-112.
3. .., .., .. . - .: , 1987, . 18-30.
4. .. . - .: , 1963, . 203-223.
5. .., .., .. . - , 1999, . 25-30.
6. .. . - " 2030". , . , 1998, . 25-25.
7. .. . - .: 1985, . 169-200.
8. .. . - .: . - .: , 1996, . 136-139.