metallurgy
metallurgical
e.g. Metallurgy is an industry which produces metals. Metallurgy separates impurity from the metals. It produces simple metals and alloys. The metallurgical industry produces 94 per cent ferrous metals.
ore
iron ore
copper re
e.g. Most metals are found in the form of metal ore. The ore is a mineral. There are different metal ores: iron ore, copper ore. Ore consists of a metal combined with some impurities.
science
scientific
to obtain (= to get (got, got))
e.g. Metallurgy is the science which treats of the methods used to obtain the metals from ores.
to produce , ,
production
to melt (molted, melted/molten)
melting
melting process
molten metal
melted compounds
e.g. Metals are produced from their ores by melting process.
to separate
to remove ,
slag
e.g. In this process impurities are separated and removed as slag.
to reduce ()
carbon
e.g. Iron is obtained by reducing its ores with carbon.
to use ,
use
useful
e.g. Different methods are used to produce pure metals from their ores. Metals have useful mechanical, physical and metallurgical properties.
furnace
blast furnace
open-hearth furnace
electric furnace -
e.g. There are different types of furnaces at metallurgical plants. Cast irons are usually produced in blast furnaces.
cupola
e.g. Cast iron is also produced in special furnaces which are called cupolas.
Bessemer converter
e.g. Steels are usually produced in Bessemer converters. The Bessemer process of steelmaking was a great event () in the world's economic history.
inventor
to discover
e.g. Henry Bessemer, an English engineer, was the inventor who discovered a new process of making steel.
expensive (= dear) ,
cheap (= inexpensive)
e.g. Bessemer invented a cheap (= inexpensive) process of making steel.
chiefly (= mainly)
high-grade tool steel
e.g. Electrical furnaces are only used in making high-grade tool steels.
compound
manganese
to conduct an electric current
e.g. Manganese is obtained from its ore by electrolysis. The electrolysis is a process of conducting electric current through () melted compounds.
to occur in nature
e.g. Metals usually occur in nature in the form of different ores.
2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the translation of in order to ( , ).
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a) In order to produce a metal from some metal ore, we must separate the impurities from the metal.
b) We must know the properties of a material in order to use it.
c) In order to form an alloy people combined some simple metal and other elements.
3. Translate into Russian the following verb phrases (modal verb + Infinitive).
) we may divide all metals, we may classify all cast irons, chromium can cut glass, we must separate;
b) metals: n be forged, can be drawn into wire, must be classified, may be grouped, may be divided into, can be moulded like wax, may be produced.
-ing :
) (Participle I), () (), : Metals serve man helping () him to conquer nature. Metals possessing () many useful properties.
) , , , ? - , , : mining ( ), engineering (), melting (), boiling (), heating (), steelmaking ( ). , melting point . , , : by reducing () , process of making , in making .
) . , , : owing to ; according to , ; during , .
) , : interesting .
