, . . ( . . (18461915), ). , , , .
, , , (. 220). , , x t, . . x = x(x, t).
. 220 , . , x=Q, x(0, t) = Acoswt, , , t = x/v, v . , ,
(154.1)
, x(, t) , . (154.1) . ,
, , ,
(154.2)
= const , w , j0 , t, [w(t - x/v) + j0] .
(154.3)
(154.3), (154.2)
(154.4)
, , (154.4) kx.
(140.7),
(. 140). , , . .
(154.5)
(154.5) w,
(154.6)
, v (154.6) , , .
, , , ,
(154.7)
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. , , , 1/. (154.7) , ( ).
(154.3) ,
(154.8)
, , , , .
(154.9)
v , . (154.9) . , (154.9) , , (. (154.2)) (. (154.7)). , ,
(154.10)
.
, , , . . , , () : , , , , .
(. (144.5)) , . . , . , , .
, , dw ≪ w dk ≪ k.
,
t.
( ) , . , tdw = xdk = const,
(155.1)
. , . (155.1) , , .
(. (155.1)) u =w/k (. (154.8)) . , k =2p/l (. (154.3)), 288
(155.2)
(155.2) , , v dv/dl. dv/dl. = 0 .
, , . . , u £ c, .
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. , . , , . ( ) . .
, S1 S2(. 221), A0 w .
. 221
(154.7),
rl 2 , k , j1 j2 . (144.2)
(j1 - j2) = const, D = 1 r2, .
,
(156.1)
: A = |A0/r1 + A0r2|. ,
(156.2)
: A = |A0/r1 - A0r2|; m = 0, I, 2,..., .
(156.1) (156.2) ,
(156.3)
(156.3) S1 S2., , , (. 221), j1 - j2 = 0. ( . 221 ) ( . 221 ).
, , , .
, , . , , , , . , , , ,
(157.1)
, k = 2p/l (. (154.3)), :
(157.2) , o w A = |2cos (2px/l)|, .
,
(157.3)
, 2.
,
(157.4)
. , (T = 2), , , (A = 0), . , , .
(157.3) (157.4) :
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(157.5) (157.6)
(157.5) (157.6) , /2. /4.
, , ( (157.1) ), , ( (157.2) ). 2cos(2pl) , , . . , , .
. , , . , , . , . , , , (. 222, ), (. 222, ). , , , , . , .
. 222
, . , . , , . , , .
( ) , 1620 000 . , , . v < 16 () v > 20 () .
, (). , , () .
( ) , , , :
(/2).
. , , , , . , ( ) ( ) , . . 223 . , , .
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. 223
, , , , , . , . :
I0 , 10-12 /2. L ( ). , 10 , ().
, (). 1000 ( ) 1 , 1 . , 90 , 1 20 .
, . . , ( ) ( ).
. , . , . . . , . , , , , . . .
, (, , ).
, . , . . , , , .
(158.1)
R , ̗ , g = Cp/Cv , җ . (158.1) , , . , . , T = 273 (M = 29×10-3 /) v = 331 /, (M = 2×10-3 /) v = 1260 /. (158.1) .
: , , , . , , , . . , , . , ( ).
. , . ( ), . , , 60 . , 0,51,5 .
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* , , . , , , . . () () -
, ; , , , () (), , . v0.
1. , . . v = v = 0. v , l = vT = u/v0. ,
, v , , v0, .
2. , , .. v > 0, v = 0.
v + v. ,
. . , , (v + v)/v .
3. , , .. v > 0, v = 0.
, , , vT( ) , . v T (. 224), . . l' = l - v =(v - v)T,
. . v , , v/(v - v) . 2 3, v < 0 v < 0, .
. 224
4. . , 2 3, , :
(159.1)
, , .
, , . v, v , (159.1) .