, (, , ) . , - , , CaSO4. :
aSO4 Ca2+ + SO42
, ( , 1). :
, K∙[CaSO4] = [Ca2+]∙[SO42-]
:
[CaSO4] = const.
, K∙[CaSO4] , , . . Ÿ :
25 3,72∙10-5 -2/2.
.
s = √.
, AnBm :
AnBm ↔ nAa+ + mBb,
, n m.
= [Aa+]n [b]m
, , , , .
, , (. 15).
, , , , ., . . :
─ ;
─ ;
─ .
:
1. [Aa+]n [b]m = , ( );
2. [Aa+]n [b]m > , ( );
3. [Aa+]n [b]m < , ( ).
15.
25
AgBr | 5,310-13 | CaSO4 | 2,510-5 | MnS | 2,510-10 |
Ag2CO3 | 8,210-12 | Ca3(PO4)2 | 1,010-29 | Ni(OH)2 | 6,310-18 |
AgCl | 1,810-10 | CdS | 1,610-28 | PbBr2 | 9,110-6 |
Ag2CrO4 | 1,110-12 | CoCO3 | 1,510-10 | PbCO3 | 7,510-14 |
AgI | 8,310-17 | Co(OH)2 | 210-16 | PbCl2 | 1,5610-5 |
Ag2S | 5,310-50 | CrPO4 | 2,410-23 | PbF2 | 2,710-8 |
Ag2SO4 | 1,610-5 | CuCO3 | 2,510-10 | PbI2 | 1,110-9 |
Ag3PO4 | 1,310-20 | Cu(OH)2 | 1,610-19 | PbS | 2,510-27 |
Al(OH)3 | 510-33 | CuS | 6,310-36 | PbSO4 | 1,610-8 |
AlPO4 | 5,710-19 | Fe(OH)2 | 810-16 | Pb3(PO4)2 | 7,910-43 |
BaCO3 | 5,110-9 | Fe(OH)3 | 6,310-38 | Sb2S3 | 1,610-93 |
BaCrO4 | 1,210-10 | FePO4 | 1,310-22 | SrCO3 | 1,110-10 |
BaSO4 | 1110-10 | FeS | 510-18 | SrCrO4 | 3,610-5 |
Ba3(PO4)2 | 6,010-39 | HgS | 1,610-52 | SrF2 | 2,510-9 |
BeCO3 | 110-3 | MgCO3 | 2,110-5 | SrSO4 | 3,210-7 |
CaCO3 | 4,810-9 | Mg(OH)2 | 610-10 | ZnCO3 | 1,410-14 |
CaF2 | 4,010-11 | Mg3(PO4)2 | 110-13 | Zn(OH)2 | 110-17 |
CaHPO4 | 2,710-7 | MnCO3 | 1,810-11 | α-ZnS | 1,610-24 |
Ca(H2PO4)2 | 110-3 | Mn(OH)2 | 1,910-13 | Zn3(PO4)2 | 9,110-33 |
|
|
, , , . , , .
.
. . , PbCl2 0,1 M Pb(NO3)2 NaCl. 0,1 / 2 = 0,05 M 510-2 /. [Pb2+][Cl‾]2 = 510-2(510-2)2 = 12,510-5. (PbCl2), .
. . , BaCO3:
BaCl2 + Na2CO3 → BaCO3↓ + 2NaCl.
Na2CO3 Ba2+, . CO32-, (Na2CO3), Ba2+ , .. .
. , . BaSO4 Na2SO4, , (BaSO4) (1,110-10), . .
, , . , AgCl =1,6×10-10. AgCl
/.
? 1,4 , . , 0,1 NaCl,
|
|
[Ag+] = /[Cl] = 1.6×10-9/,
.. , , 10 000 .
. . , .
. . , BaO3. , , BaO3. ,
[Ba2+][CO32-] = (BaCO3).
, H+ CO32- :
CO2↑
2H+ + CO32- → H2CO3
H2O
CO32- , (BaCO3). BaO3 BaO3 . . , , - . , , , .
Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl → FeCl3 + 3H2O
OH‾ H2O.
, , , . , , , .
, FeS , uS :
FeS + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2S
CuS + HCl ≠
(FeS) = 3,71019, (CuS) = 8,51045. , S2, H2S , , , . . (II) - H2S, . (II) .
: FeS H2S (NH4)2S:
FeCl2 + H2S ≠
FeCl2 + (NH4)2S = FeS↓ + 2NH4Cl
(2 = 11014). S2-
[Fe2+][S2] > ,
.
, - . .
.
, Ba2+ Sr2+ , 0,010 / BaCl2 0,020 / SrCl2, Na2SO4.
= [Ba2+][SO42] = 1,5109;
= [Sr2+][SO42] = 7,6107.
, 0,010 / 2+ , SO42-
[SO42] = 1,5109 / 0,010 = 1,5107 /.
-,
[SO42] = 7,6107 / 0,020 = 3,8105 /.
, . - 3,8105 / .
[Ba2+] = 1,5109 / 3,8105 = 3,9105 /.
0,39% . 99,6% .
|
|
.
()
, .
- , . , , :
H2O ↔ H++ OH 2 H2O ↔ H3O++ OH.
( H3O+ +. , , , 1076 .).
, , . . , .
:
v1 = k1 [H2O] v2 = k2[H+][OH]
v1 = v2, k1[H2O] = k2[H+][OH]
= k1/k2 = [H+][OH] / [H2O].
. 22 1,8∙10-16, 2,9∙10-9, .. 555000000 . H2O ,
[H2O] = [H+][OH‾] = KW,
.. ( ) . Kw.
, , 1 1 (ρ =1/). , [H2O] = 1000 / 18 = 55,56 /. ,
KW = [H+][OH‾] = [H2O] = 1,8∙10-1655,6 = 10-14
KW , - , .
-, . + ‾ , . [H+][OH] = 1014 .
H+(p) + OH‾(p) = H2O()
∆H298 = -58 /; . W (. 16).
16.
(KW)
t, | Kw1014 | t, | Kw1014 |
0,1139 | 2,089 | ||
0,1846 | 2,919 | ||
0,2920 | 4,018 | ||
0,4505 | 5,474 | ||
0,6809 | 7,297 | ||
1,008 | 9,614 | ||
1,469 | 4,018 |
KW ≠ 0, , H+ OH . , ope H+ OH.
[H+][OH] = 1014; [H+] = [OH],
[H+]2 = 1014, [H+] = [OH] = (1014)1/2= 107.
, , , -, () .
[H+]:
10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11 10-12 10-13 10-14
|
|
,
[H+] > 10-7 / [OH] < 10-7 /,
[H+] < 10-7 / [OH] > 10-7 /.
() ,
[H+] = 1014 / [OH], [OH] = 1014 / [H+].
.
, , . ( H+ OH ).
, , , . . , , pH.
:
pH = −lg[H+].
,
[H+] = 110-7 / lg[H+] = 7 pH = 7,0
[H+] = 110-5 / lg[H+] = 5 pH = 5,0
[H+] = 510-3 / lg[H+] = 0,73 = 2,3 pH = 2,3
[H+] = 310-7 / lg[H+] = 0,487 = 2,3 pH = 6,52
OH pOH.
, pH pOH, - :
pH = pOH = 7 ;
pH < 7; pOH > 7 ;
pH > 7; pOH < 7 .
[H+][OH] = 1014 ,
+ pOH = 14.
pH, pOH, .
1. 0, 1. 14. 0 14? 10 . 1. , . , , .
lg H++ lg OH = 14;
() (, , , ).
, , , . , pH 7,34 () 7,4 (). pH 0,1 . pH. pH. , , , pH = 4-6. pH 7.3-8.0. pH .
. 17.
17.
1 Hl | 0,0 | 6,5 | |
1,4 | 25 | 7,0 | |
2,1 | 8,5 | ||
2,8 | 9,2 | ||
4,1 | 10,5 | ||
6,9 | 1 NaOH | 14,0 |
pH .
. , , () . , Na+ .
, - , .