(chipset) ( ), . . . 1 4. :
( );
;
FSB (Front Side Bus);
(, .);
, ( );
, ;
AGP (Accelerated Graphical Port) ( D-) ;
PCI ( ), ;
;
AMR-, AMR- .
, : ( / ) .
:
North Bridge (NB, ) ; , AGP-, ;
South Bridge (SB, ) / .
SB :
(FDD);
( Keyboard Controller);
PS/2;
(RTC Real Time Clock);
( LPT);
SMBus ( ).
(SB) .
-.
. PCI. PCI-. , PCI. ISA- (. 3.2).
-. 1999 . Intel i8x0. (hub) , , .. (. 3.3). ( ).
SB NB PCI, . , PCI .
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. 2562048 . 256 .
. 3.2.
(24). , 1, .
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) AGP. 3D-.
. 3.3. -
AGP- PCI, , -, 28 , -, .
AGP , AGP 1, 2, 4. AGP 1. 1 256 / ( 2 I). . . AGP PCI 3D-, 2 .
, 4 , , AGP (1 /). . AGP , Windows 9x 2000. AGP , .
PCI- ISA-
. , , SCSI-, TV- ( AGP-). PC :
- ISA (Industry Standard Architecture);
- PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect).
ISA- , PC99 (Microsoft Intel), . PCI.
ISA- 02.
(46) PCI- . 3 6 . 1, ( , ).
PCI. .
, .
() , , .
PC 2 .
1) IDE ( ). ( ). . ( ). 4 .
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IDE SCSI, IDE- . IDE. SCSI , , (, .).
( ) ( ) . .
IDE-
IDE Integrated Drive Electronics . , .
(AT, Attachmen ; IBM PC i286 ). IDE , IDE .
IDE (). , . :
- /33 33 /; Ultra DMA/33, Ultra ATA, UDMA33;
- /66 66 /.
/66. ATA/100. /33 ( 1015 /). IDE- /33 .
, IDE, ( ).
SCSI
SCSI Small Computer System Interface, ( ). , PC . , .
:
- 7 15 ( 4 IDE, );
- (312 ), ;
- DMA. - , , - .
:
- ;
- , SCSI- ;
- SCSI- , , I- ;
- SCSI- ( 2 IDE).
AC-link AMR-
AC97 (AC Audio Codec) . , , , ( ).
AMR (Audio/ Modem Riser), PC-. AC-link . AMR-.
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, .
, .
3 , , . , ( ), - , . , , , .
, . , , . , RAM (Random Access Memory). RAM .
. . ( ) , . : . , , , .
. , . , RAM , , .
PC , . , , , , , ( ). . . . (Refresh).
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CPU , . PC CPU 80486 Pentium 70 .
. , Chipset , CMOS Setup Wait State. Wait State ( ) . , . PC . , ( Wait State 3) 30% .
IBM PC- , (DRAM, Dynamic Random Access Memory). ( ) , . (SRAM, Static RAM) . 12 , 46. , , , -.
DRAM
D , (Dynamic). , RAM . , , , SRAM NVRAM, RAM.
DRAM , 4164 4464. , 4164 4464 64 DRAM. 1987 DRAM, 41464 41256. 10% ( ). 1989 Siemens , 1 , 41256 . Siemens , 1993 . DRAM 4 .
RAM, DIP-, DIP Dual In-line Package ( ). , (Pins) ( ). , , , . , , .
DRAM . DRAM . , SIP-, ZIP-, DIMM- SIMM-.
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FPM DRAM. Fast Page Mode DRAM , / , .
FPM (Fast Page Mode ) . . ( ) , ( ). .
, , (). RAS/CAS- , .. (Row Address Strobe) (Column Address Strobe), RAS- 100 CAS-. FPM DRAM DRAM- .
EDO RAM. , . , , , . , . , , . , , .
EDO RAM (Extended Data Out) (Memory Interleave) . , . , EDO- CAS-.
BEDO RAM. EDO RAM . EDO RAM (Burst EDO RAM, BEDO RAM).
, . . .
-. RAM. , BEDO- EDO FPM DRAM- , BEDO- .
BEDO RAM , , , Intel, , (SDRAM). Natoma, BEDO RAM, Natoma .
SDRAM. SDRAM, DRAM. , ( ).
RDRAM (Rambus DRAM Rambus.) Rambus , , . Rambus Direct Rambus, DRAM. Direct Rambus : , Rambus RDRAM.
RDRAM . 128- , 1/8 . , /.
Rambus Direct Rambus Channel, Rambus 800 - 200 (64 ) 100 (128 ).
RDRAM RIMM. 16 RDRAM ( ). 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 M 1 .
SIP-. DRAM PC, . PC, , , , , DRAM , .
, , SMT (Surface Mounting Technology), . DRAM , , , .
SMT SIP- (SIP, Single In-line Package). SIP- DRAM. 30 , 8 1,7 .
SIP- . , . SIMM-.
SIMM-. Single In-line Memory Module .
SIMM-, , SIP-. . SIP- SIMM- PAD (). . SIMM- . SIMM- , .
- SIMM-, - .
, SIMM- , .
DIMM Dual In-line Memory Module .
SRAM
SRAM DRAM, , (Refresh).
S Static (). SRAM , , , PC. , SRAM DRAM . , DRAM 60 100 , SRAM 15 25 .
SRAM , - BIOS.
DRAM, SRAM . , . SRAM , ( ) , .
NVRAM
NVRAM , . NV Non Volatile, .. . NVRAM .
ZIPRAM
, , , . ZIPRAM DRAM, ZIP. ZIPRAM (ZIP Zigzag In-line Package) , . ZIPRAM . PC DRAM. ZIPRAM laptop notebook. SIMM- DIMM-, PC.
ZIPRAM , , , . DRAM SRAM. , , , RAM- RAM-Cartridges, . PC ( ) laptop notebook.
, .
:
1) - (CRT);
2) (LCD);
3) .