Ethernet Xerox Xerox, Intel Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). Ethernet . Ethernet- . , , . Ethernet- 10 /; , , TCP/ IP XNS. Fast Ethernet 100 / 10 , Ethernet, ; Fast Ethernet 10 , Ethernet.
, .25 . . . .25 . , , .
, . . , , . , . , . .
.25 . , , . .
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network). ISDN 70- Bellcore, 1984 . ISDN . 64 / ( -) (D-). ISDN : 128 / ( - D-); 1536 /, ( - D-); 1920 /, ( - D-).
|
|
, ISDN, , , , , , . ., .
ISDN , , Internet , . ISDN : , ISDN-, . . ISDN .
Frame Relay Bell Labs AT&T. 1988 Frame Relay ISDN 1.122 (CCITT). ISDN 1.122 .
. 64 /, Frame Relay . , .
, . .25 , , , . , ( in-band ).
Frame Relay , . .
Frame Relay .25 . .25 , , . . . , , .
Frame Relay .25 . .25 20 , , .
|
|
, Frame Relay , . Frame Relay . , , - .25.
Frame Relay ATM. , , 53 . Frame Relay 1024 , 6 8 .
Frame Relay . () FRAD (Frame Relay Access Device Frame Relay). , .. , . , .
Frame Relay , . , . Frame Relay , . .
, , , . , , Frame Relay , .
Frame Relay , . , . - , , .
Frame Relay . , . : , , , . 44.736 / ATM, .
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) , . 1960- . , , ( , ). , .
|
|
. , . . ( ) 1970- . 1980- .
FDDI . 10 / . . FDDI 100 /. , FDDI .
, FDDI . , .
FDDI . . . . , .
FDDI: .
, , FDDI , , . , FDDI , , .
. Internet . . . , .
, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode ) . . , .
|
|
ATM , . , , ( ATM). . , .
, ATM . , , , . ATM (, , ) .
B-ISDN (Broadband ISDN) , , . , , , , , , . 1990 , B-ISDN.
B-ISDN , ATM . . B-ISDN , - . , , , ISDN, , (, . .), (, . .). , ATM.
, , . :
Internet IP (Internet Protocol);
(.25) .75.
: IP (), .75 ().
Internet, . Internet , IP-. , .
. , 1973 ., APRA Internetting Project. . TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).
TCP/IP : TCP IP. TCP . , IP Internet, . IP (ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol), (IP-).
TCP IP , TCP/IP , TCP IP, , .
|
|
(Internet) . , . , Ethernet , , : 07:01:0:47:54:.
, IP-, . IP- , , : 192.33.33.22. ; , , ; . , .
. , . (DNS), , , IP-. IP- , . IP- , . IP- -, -.
() , Ethernet . , -, . IP-.
TCP/IP Internet, ().