() , ' . . ' ' , '.
' ' X, , . ().
( ) ().
X , . . X, , , , .
. ' . , X, ,
. 4.5.
, . ³ ' . , () (, .) (. 4.5). ' , - .
в
. ν, , , (. 4.6). :
tg ν =h/, (4.1)
h - , - .
. 4.6.
, .
:
= tg ν (4.2)
(%) (), .
. 1:1000, 20 , = 1,0 .
, b =20 1000 = 20000 =20 . (4.1) (4.2) tg ν = =1/20=0,05, = 5% = 50%, ν =2,9.
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, , (. 4.7, , ), ( ) .
, , . ν ( : ν = 2,9, =0,05 = 5%).
. 4.7. 1:1000 h = 1 :
- , 6 -
. 4.8. ...
. , . , ( ) .
d , (d /, h.
. (. 4.8, ) , 150 152,5 , = +(d /)h = 150 + 0,4x2,5 = 151 .
- (. 4.8, ) (. 27, , ), , , 0,5 h. , 138,8, -128,8 , - 126,2.
(. 4.9). ̳ , .
. d , , 1...7 . , . ǒ , .
. 4.9. .
. 4.10.
, d. d = h/( ), - .
. (. 4.10). . ), 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, , (3, 6, 8). ˳ . () , 10 . ' . , , ( . 29 , 100).
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, ' . , , . .
ᒺ (. 4.11). ᒺ , , .
. 4.11. ᒺ
, . , ᒺ V = (1/2) (S + S + j)h, S S + j - , , , h - , = 1, 2,..., k - .
S ( ).
, (, ..) . ᒺ VB oᒺ , SB, h - t , : VB =(SB/3)h.
t , h = h/2.
oᒺ oᒺ :
V= V1+ V2+...+ Vk+ VB, k - .
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