. , , , . , , 10-14 10-15 ( 10-10 ).
. () , , mp =1,6726 10-27 1836 me, me . (n) mn = 1,6749 10-27 1839 me. ( . nucleus ). .
Ze, = 1.6022 10-19 , Z , .
, : , X , Z ( ), ( ).
, . , , , . , , . . , , .
Z, (. . N = Z) , , Z . , (Z=1) : (Z=1, N = 0), (Z= 1, N = 1), (Z= 1, N = 2), , . . ( , , ), , . 2000 , Z, N, .
- , ( ) Q/m. Mace- , , . , , , . : , . , , , .
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, ,
(4.1.1)
mp, mn, m , . m , m .
(4.1.2)
mH . mH mp me, Z . m m Z , .
(4.1.3)
. .
- (): 1 , (, ) 1 . 1.6 10-19 , 1 = 1.6 10-19 .
, (..) 1 ... 1/12 12, 1 ... = 1.6606 10-27 . (...) 1 ...= 931.5016 .
d E , . () , .. d E, .
A (. 4.1). (A£12) 6¸7 , , 8.7 = 50¸60, (, 7,6 ).
, . ,
. . 4.1
. 4.1 , . . , :
1) ;
2) .
; ( ).
, . . . : , ( 10-15 ), (, ), ( ).
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, . . .