Правило «Согласование времен» заключается в следующем: Если сказуемое главного предложения выражено глаголом прошедшего времени, то сказуемое придаточного предложения (или предложений, если их несколько) должно быть выражено глаголом в форме одного из прошедших времен.
Если же глагол главного предложения стоит в форме настоящего времени (Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect) или (редко) будущего времени, глагол придаточного предложения может стоять в любом времени, требуемом по смыслу: Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Future Indefinite и т. д.
Чтобы показать, что действия придаточного и главного предложений относятся к одному и тому же времени в прошлом, глагол придаточного предложения должен стоять в форме Past Indefinite или Past Continuous:
She said that she wanted to go home.
He noticed that somebody was looking at him.
(Ср. с русскими предложениями:
Она сказала, что хочет идти домой.
Он заметил, что кто-то смотрит на него.)
Чтобы показать, что действие придаточного предложения произошло раньше, чем действие главного предложения, глагол придаточного предложения должен стоять в форме Past Perfect или, реже, в форме Past Perfect Continuous:
She said that she had prepared her lessons.
He remembered that he had met her somewhere.
He said that he had been working at that plant for five years before the beginning of the war.
(Ср. с русскими предложениями:
Она сказала, что уже приготовила уроки.
Он вспомнил, что уже встречал ее где-то.
Он сказал, что работал на этом заводе пять лет до начала войны.)
Чтобы показать, что действие придаточного предложения произойдет после действия, выраженного в главном предложении, в придаточном предложении употребляется форма Future in the Past:
I said that I should buy that book.
He declared that he would study in the reading-room.
(Ср. с русскими предложениями:
Я сказал, что куплю эту книгу.
Он заявил, что будет заниматься в читальне.)
Таким образом, если глагол главного предложения стоит в одной из форм прошедшего времени, то и в придаточном предложении глагол должен стоять в той или иной форме прошедшего времени в зависимости от того, что требуется по смыслу.
Правило согласования времен особенно строго соблюдается в дополнительных придаточных предложениях и обстоятельственных предложениях цели.
By that time the whole town knew that Volpone was dying.
He said that the ship had sunk.
He knew that the journey would not be comfortable.
She said that we might begin our work.
He switched on the light so that we could see better.
Переведите предложения:
1. He asked me what I was doing and whether I intended to go to a University. 2. I’m afraid I’ll be doing the washing tomorrow. 3. She claimed that she met Monty on her way home. Monty had told her that I would probably come to his place later. 4. Then I thought about mother. She would certainly ask me where I had been all day. 5. She said she would be staying in town next day to do some shopping. 6. It’s not true she is my friend. 7. I’ll tell you what he’s doing. 8. I don’t think that I shall ever work for your father. 9. Out of the corner of my eye I saw the youths had stopped talking and were watching us. 10. I hope you know what you’re doing. 11. In the hotel the waiter told me that an American had been staying there for three months. 12. It was also rumoured that Dan had got married. 12. He wanted to return to the house to see how Billy was doing and tell him that he had phoned to his mother and that he would be going out to California in two or three days. 14. Programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one program that could control the computer’s hardware, which other programs could have used when they needed it.
9. Раскройте скобки, выбирая требующееся время глагола:
1. He said he (is staying, was staying) at the “Ritz” Hotel. 2. They realized that they (lost, had lost) their way in the dark. 3. He asked me where I (study, studied).
4. I thought that I (shall finish, should finish) my work at that time. 5. He said he (works, worked) at school two years ago. 6. Victor said he (is, was) very busy. 8. My friend asked me who (is playing, was playing) the piano in the sitting-room. 9. He said he (will come, would come) to the station to see me off. 10. I was sure he (posted, had posted) the letter. 11. I think the weather (will be, would be) fine next week. I hope it (will not change, would not change) for the worse. 12. I knew that he (is, was) a very clever man. 13. I want to know what he (has bought, had bought) for her birthday. 14. I asked my sister to tell me what she (has seen, had seen) at the museum.
10. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующемся времени:
1. Не said he (to leave) tomorrow morning. 2. She says she already (to find) the book. 3. He stopped and listened: the clock (to strike) five. 4. She said she (can) not tell me the right time, her watch (to be) wrong. 5. I asked my neighbour if he ever (to travel) by air before. 6. The policeman asked George where he (to run) so early.
7. The delegates were told that the guide just (to go) out and (to be) back in ten minutes. 8. I knew they (to wait) for me at the metro station and I decided to hurry.
9. I didn't know that you already (to wind) up the clock. 10. I was afraid that the little girl (not to be) able to unlock the front door and (to go) upstairs to help her. 11. He says that he (to know) the laws of the country. 12. Sarie understood why Lanny (not to come) the previous evening. 13. She asked me whether I (to remember) the legend about a faithful lion. 14. He understood that the soldiers (to arrest) him. 15. He could not understand why people (not to want) to take water from that well. 16. I suppose they (to send) a dog after the burglar immediately.
11. Употребите следующие предложения как придаточные дополнитель-ные, используя в роли главных предложений данные в скобках. Сдвигайте времена в соответствии с правилом согласования времен:
1. The children are playing in the yard. (She thought) 2. Her friend will come to see her. (She hoped) 3. Father has repaired his bicycle. (He thought) 4. She knows English very well. (I supposed) 5. Our sportsmen will win the game. (We were sure) 6. She made no mistakes in her dictation. (She was glad) 7. He works at his English hard. (I knew) 8. She dances better than anybody else. (I was told). 9. My cousin has received a very interesting offer from his firm. (I learnt) 10. She will come to stay with us. (My aunt wrote in her letter) 11. He is painting a new picture. (We heard)
12. His new picture will be a masterpiece. (We were sure) 13. You will fall and break your leg. (I was afraid) 14. My friend has never been to Washington. (I knew)
15. She never drinks milk. (I was told).
12. Переведите предложения:
1. If I knew him now, I should talk to him. 2. He walked around the city aimlessly for the rest of the morning, looking into shop windows and thinking of the things he would buy if he had money. 3. What would have happened if you hadn’t done so well yesterday? 4. “Do you think it’s important?” “Yes, I do. If I didn’t I wouldn’t be here”. 5. It was so dark that he would have lost his way if she had not taken him by the hand. 6. If he had known her, he would have asked her about that.
7. I said I thought it would be fare more fun if your brother had come, too. 8. If he knew, he would have told me, I’m sure he knows nothing.
13. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод модального глагола с перфектным инфинитивом:
1. He could have helped you if he had known about your difficulties. 2. He might have come if he had been warned. 3. He may have gone for a walk as he says he did and have come back again, or may just have waited for John to return.
4. There are a dozen other explanations for that. He may have stepped out on the terrace for a moment – or may not have heard me – or he may even have been asleep. 5. He can’t have read it. He doesn’t knows English well enough yet. 6. You ought to have helped them. 7. You should have waited for her yesterday. 8. He should have tied his horse to some other tree. 9. You needn’t have spoken about it. 10. She needn’t have done it. 11. The hot tea had done her good. Things are always worse on an empty stomach. She ought to have eaten some breakfast. 12. I had a little chat with Mr. Martin this morning. I ought to have told you but it slipped my memory.
13. He may have forgotten about it. 14. She may have suspected something.
14. Раскройте скобки, употребив нужную форму инфинитива после модальных глаголов. Переведите предложения:
1. There must (to be) something wrong, otherwise she wouldn’t (to leave) home. 2. It might (to be) worse. He had expected more than this. It was lucky, after all, that Jane had broken the ice for him. She must (to worm) it out of Bosinney; he might (to know) she would. 3. He must (to realize) that we could not (to help) overhearing what had happened. 4. It seemed to John that he must (to be) there a long time. 5. Programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one program that could (to control) the computer’s hardware, which other programs could (to use) when they needed it.
15. Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму инфинитива:
1. Oh, look how white and clean everything is! It must (to snow) at night.
2. Oh, you are all in snow, you look like a snowman. It must (to snow) heavily.
3. Look, what huge snowdrifts there are everywhere, and the path is covered with knee – deep snow. It must (to snow) for several hours already. 4. You look fresh! You must (to have) a good sleep at night. 5. You look very tired. You must (to have) a good sleep at night.
16. Вставьте модальный глагол “can” или “could”. Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму инфинитива:
1. … you (to ask) my sister to help you? I am very busy today. 2. … it (to be) seven o’clock now? 3. You … not (to see) her at the party. She was at home working at her English. 4. He … not (to forget) your request: he is very attentive to people.
5. I should be very happy if you … (to visit) us in the village. 6. I don’t believe her, she … not (to forget) to bring the book. She simply did no want to bring it. 7. He said he … (to finish) the task by Monday.
17. Вставьте модальный глагол “should” или “had to”. Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму инфинитива:
1. He was out when we came, and we … (to wait) for over an hour. 2. It was raining hard. We … (to wear) our raincoats. 3. I … (to take) a taxi, otherwise I should have missed the train. 4. You walked all the way here carrying this heavy suitcase. You … (to take) a taxi. 5. They won’t be able to buy anything but lemonade on the train. You … (to give) them some sandwiches. 6. Mother was coming to dinner, so I … (to bake) her favourite cake. 7. You knew I was bringing people to dinner. You … (to bake) a cake. 8. She is quite an authority. You … (to ask) her. 9. I could not stand that noise any longer. I … (to go) out and (to tell) them to stop. 10. How can you work in this noise? You … (to tell) the children to stop.
18. Вставьте модальный глагол “should”, “need” или “have to”. Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму инфинитива:
1. You... not (to go) out in this rain; as it is you have a cold in your head. 2. It was Sunday, and we... not (to go) to school. 3. Everything is all right. You see that you... not (to worry). 4. You are out of breath. You... not (to run): you know how bad it is for you. 5. You... not (to tell) her about it. Now she is sure not to sleep the whole night worrying. 6. You... not (to go) with her: she knows the way perfectly well. 7. You... not (to put) so much pepper in the meat. No one will be able to eat it. 8. You... not (to give) them any lunch. They can get coffee and sandwiches on the train.
19. Прочтите и переведите текст:
