ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGY
1. English phraseology. Characteristics of phraseological units.
1.1. Semantic unity.
1.2. Structural stability.
1.3. Phraseology and free word-combinations.
2. Types of English phraseologisms.
2.1. Thematic classification.
2.2. Etymological classification.
2.3. Functional types.
2.4. Structural types.
2.5. Semantic types.
3. Use of idioms.
3.1 Stylistics features
3.2 Rhetoric features:
3.2.1. Phonetic manipulation:
3.2.2. Lexical manipulation:
3.2.3. Figures of speech:
4. Variations of idioms.
5. Semantic relations in phraseology.
RECOMMENDED READING:
Arnold, Irina. The English Word. - Moscow: Vyshaja Shkola. 1966. Chapter 1 Introduction P. 11 50.; Chapter 8 Set Expressions P.181-208.
.., .., .. : . . 3- -. - .: , 2001. C. 225 - 258.
Rayevskaya N.M. English Lexicology. Kiev: Vysca Scola, 1979. Chapter 13 English Phraseology P. 265-283.
.., .. 㳿 : . .- ³: - , 2001. . 84 - 94.
.. : - . . . 2- ., . .: . ., 1996. (: . 46 98; . 101 198; . 212-241.)
MAIN CONCEPTS OF THE THEME:
functional types of phraseological units;
fusion;
half-fusion;
half-unity;
homophrase;
idiom;
nominative phraseological unit;
nominative-communicative phraseological unit;
non-separability (inseparability);
phraseological expression;
phraseological antonym;
phraseological homonym;
phraseological synonym;
phraseological unit;
phraseological variant;
proverb;
reproducibility;
saying;
separability;
stable idiomatic simile;
structural types of phraseological units;
unity
ENGLISH IDIOMS
Characteristics: semantic unity and structural stability.
Gradable idiomaticity: true idioms - semi-idioms - regular combinations.
CLASSIFICATION OF IDIOMS
| criteria | types | subtypes | examples |
| grammatical function (part of speech) | nominal /substantive function as nouns | white elephant. Grass widow | |
| adjectival function as adjectives | wide of the mark, beyond the pale. | ||
| verbal function as verbs | phrasal verbs V + Prep and/or Particle | look into, get away with | |
| verb phrases | call it a day, come back to earth, make ends meet. | ||
| adverbial function as adverbs | tooth and nail, in nothing flat, in color | ||
| interjectional function as interjections | Good heaves! My eye! | ||
| communicative function | nominative correlate with different parts of speech | When pigs fly; a dark horse | |
| communicative proverbs and sayings | Dont count your chickens until they are hatched. | ||
| nominative-communicative can be transformed into sentences | to break the ice the ice is broken | ||
| pragmatic:responsives | My Lord! Bless you! | ||
| structure | to give up type | to nose out; to buy into; to sandwich in | |
| to be tired type | to be interested in; to be fond of | ||
| prepositional-nominal | on the doorstep; on the nose | ||
| sentence type | declarative sentences | There is no use crying over the spilt milk. | |
| interrogative sentences | Could leopard change its spots? | ||
| imperative sentences | First think, then speak. | ||
| exclamatory sentences | |||
| theme | e.g. associated with sea, or including marine element | to be in low waters; to be all at sea; to be in the wrong boat; to be in the same boat | |
| etymology | native | ||
| borrowed | to take the bull by the horns (It.) | ||
| semantic type | fusion non-motivated word-group | white elephant; to pull smbs leg | |
| half-fusion word group with leading literal component and idiomatically fused components | to buy for a song; to rain cats and dogs | ||
| unity metaphorically motivated | to make a mountain of a molehill to exaggerate trifles; | ||
| half-unity binary word-group with one literal component | husbands tea weak tea; French leave to leave without saying good-bye | ||
| phraseological collocation standardized phrases with limited valency | to make friends, to do ones hair | ||
| phraseological expression proverbs, sayings, quotations | No pains, no gains |
USE OF IDIOMS:
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Stylistics features:
1. Colloquialisms: e.g. hang in, big wheel, make waves, can of worms
2. Slang: e.g. cancer stick, hit the sack, dish the dirt, feel no pain, in the soup
3. Literaryexpressions: e.g. come to pass, be it that, in the wake of, give the lie to, of note, cross swords.
RHETORIC FEATURES:
1. Phonetic manipulation:
(1) Alliteration: e.g. chop and change, might and main, rough and ready, part and parcel, toss and turn, bag and baggage, sum and substance, neither fish, flesh, nor fowl.
(2) Rhyme: e.g. kith and kin, toil and moil, by hook and by crook, fair and square, A little pot is soon hot. A friend in need is a friend indeed. Theres many a slip between the cup and the lip.
2. Lexical manipulation:
(1) Reiteration (duplication of synonyms): e.g. scream and shout, cut and carve, pick and choose, hustle and bustle, rough and tough, odds and ends, bits and pieces, push and shove, ways and means, by leaps and bounds.
(2) Repetition: e.g. by and by, out and out, such and such, neck and neck, lots and lots, day by day, all in all, face to face, word for word, year in year out.
(3) Juxtaposition (of antonyms): e.g. here and there, up and down, rain or shine, weal and woe, first and last, high and low, back and forth, sooner or later, play fast and loose, move heaven and earth.
3. Figures of speech:
(1) Simile: e.g. as mute as a fish, as dead as a doornail, as graceful as a swan, like a rat in a hole, eat like a horse, sleep like a log, spend money like water, Time flies like an arrow.
(2) Metaphor: e.g. black sheep, a dark horse, grey mare, snake in the grass, new broom, flat tire, the salt of the earth, bed of dust, crocodile tears, a wet blanket, black bottle, sit on the fence, fall from grace.
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(3) Metonymy: e.g. in the cradle, live by ones pen, from cradle to grave, make up a purse.
(4) Synecdoche: e.g. earn ones bread, fall into good hands, two heads are better than one.
(5) Personification: e.g. Failure is the mother of success. Actions speak louder than words. The pot calls the cattle black. Fire and water are good servants, but bad masters.
(6) Euphemism: e.g. the call of nature, sleep around, powder ones nose, kick the bucket, give leg-bail, big deal, perfumed talk.
