.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





 

. , , . , , . , , .

, , , , , , .

- . , .

-

S = dy/dx. (3.7)

, .

Δ = - , (3.8)

- ; - .

, , . , .

:

δ = (Δ/) 100 = [(x - )/] 100. (3.9)

xN, ( ) ( ):

γ = (Δ/xN) ∙ 100 = [( - x)/xN] 100. (3.10)

, .

= S ∙ x + 0, (3.11)

S ; 0 - .

0 S.

, 0, .

, S, .

. 0 - (.3.2,).

Δ = Δ0 = 0 - 0 , (3.12)

0 0.

, , (.3.1,). Δ = - .

ΔS

Δ = ΔS ∙ , (3.13)

.. .

 

 
 

) )

3.2 : ) ; )

δ = ΔS/S (3.14)

.

. .

, , , . , +20 2; < 2; 65 15%; ; 50 1 ..

. , , .. (+20 2), 1%. , .

- , , . ,

(3.15)

c/d,

(3.16)

.

c,d :

- , , .

, , . .

, .. . , , .

, , ... . , , .. :

a0d ny/dt n + a1d n-1y/dt n-1 ++any = x(t),

0, a1,..., n .

(0n + a1p n-1 + + an)y(p) = x(p),

p = d/dt .

:

W() = ()/(). (3.17)

, y(t) x(t)

Δ(t) = y{t) , (3.18)

y(t) - t; - , .

: .

(3.17) = jω,

(3.19)

(ω) - ; φ(ω) - .

(ω) - (); φ(ω) ().

- , , 1,5% . , .

- . . , , .

- . . , .

 

 





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