. , , . ( , ) . , , . : ; - .
, . : , , .
, , . , . , .
. , (, , , .) . .
. , , . .
.
( , , , ..).
. .
(, LAN Local Area Network) , , . . : , (CAN Campus Area Network), ; , (MAN Metropolitan Area Network); , (WAN Wide Area Network), ; (, GAN Global Area Network), .
( ). , . - , . , . , , , , (workstation) (server).
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, . . . 20 .
() . , , .
. , .
. , , . . , . , , .
. , , . .
. , . , .
() . , . , , .
Token Ring , , . .
, , (Hub ). , . , , , .
() , . , .
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: , .
. , () . . . : , . .
, , . . : , -.
, ( , ). , , . , , . , . , , , .
17.3 OSI/ISO
. , . . , , , , , .
ISO (International Standards Organization) OSI (Open System Interconnection ). , , . , .
(Application Layer ) OSI.
(Presentation Layer) , , .
(Session Layer) . , .
(Transport Layer) , , . , . , , .
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(Network Layer) . , , , ( , ).
(Data Link) . : (Media Access Control), , (Logical Link Control), . Data Link , , . . , .
(Physical Layer) , . , , , . , .
( ), . , . , .
. , , , , .