. . -, , , , . -, , , .
- , , . , , [4]. , .
. , , . . (), , , , , 0 1 [1]. , .
, , .. , , : , . , .
: , .
(. 2.50).
. 2.50.
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1 . 2 , ? , , , . . 3 ( ) 6 () . 4 ( ) 7 () . 8 . , , 5 ( ) 9 () . 2.13 2.14 , . , : 1 2 4.
, .
l, (2.16).
l, , , . :
l = {(l1 |b1), (l2 |b2), , (l n |b n)}, (2.127)
l1, 2, , n ; b1,2, , n , .
2.15. :
l i = {(1,35 × 106|0,8), (2,80 × 106|0,9), (4,60 × 106|0,95)},
: 1,35 × 106 0,8, 2,80 × 106 0,9 4,60 × 106 0,95.
L.
, .
. , .
. .
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2.16. (. . 2.25). , 152 × 106, 60 .., 250 × 106, 40 .. , 64 × 106, 10 .., 80 × 106, 8 .. 300 × 106.
. 4 :
1) 1; 1;
2) 1; 2;
3) 2; 1;
4) 2; 2.
, . 2.1.5 ( (2.26)):
1)l1 = 1 × 152 × 106 + 1 × 64 × 106 = 216 × 106,
2) l2 = 1 × 152 × 106 + 1 × 80 × 106 = 232 × 106,
3) l3 = 1 × 250 × 106 + 1 × 64 × 106 = 314 × 106,
4) l4 = 1 × 250 × 106 + 1 × 80 × 106 = 330 × 106.
:
1)l1 = 216 × 106, = 70 ..;
2) l2 = 232 × 106, = 68 ..;
3) l3 = 314 × 106, = 50 .;
4) l4 = 330 × 106, = 48 ..
, , .
, . 2.50: , .
2.17. 2.16. :
l1 = (140 × 106|0,8; 152 × 106|0,85; 160 × 106|0,9),
l2 = (240 × 106|0,7; 250 × 106|0,85; 270 × 106|0,9),
l1 = (60 × 106|0,8; 64 × 106|0,9; 70 × 106|0,95),
l2 = (75 × 106|0,85; 80 × 106|0,9; 90 × 106|0,95),
l1, l2, l1 l2 L.
L . , . , . :
1) b1 = 0,7; 2) b2 = 0,8; 3) b3 = 0,85; 4) b4 = 0,9; 5) b5 = 0,95.
L b-, :
(2.128)
b L. b .
. b = 0,7. ( 1, 1) l1 = 140×106, b = 0,8, 1. 1 l1 = 60×106, ..
b = 0,95 , , 0,95.
, :
1) b1 = 0,7; 2) b2 = 0,8; 3) b3 = 0,85; 4) b4 = 0,9.
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L :
1) b1 = 0,7: l1 = 140 × 106; l1 = 60 × 106;
2) l1 = 140 × 106; l2 = 75 × 106;
3) l2 = 240 × 106; l1 = 60 × 106;
4) l2 = 240 × 106; l2 = 75 × 106;
5) b2 = 0,8: l1 = 140 × 106; l1 = 60 × 106;
6) l1 = 140 × 106; l2 = 75 × 106;
7) l2 = 250 × 106; l1 = 60 × 106;
8) l2 = 250 × 106; l2 = 75 × 106;
9) b3 = 0,85: l1 = 152 × 106; l1 = 64 × 106;
10) l1 = 152 × 106; l2 = 80 × 106;
11) l2 = 250 × 106; l1 = 64 × 106;
12) l2 = 250 × 106; l2 = 80 × 106;
13) b4 = 0,9: l1 = 160 × 106; l1 = 64 × 106.
14) l1 = 160 × 106; l2 = 80 × 106;
15) l2 = 270 × 106; l1 = 64 × 106;
16) l2 = 270 × 106; l2 = 80 × 106.
. , . 2.1.5 ( (2.26)).
. :
1) b = 0,7; l = 200 × 106; = 70 ..;
2) b = 0,7; l = 215 × 106; = 68 ..;
3) b = 0,7; l = 300 × 106; = 50 ..;
4) b = 0,7; l = 315 × 106; = 48 ..;
5) b = 0,8; l = 200 × 106; = 70 ..;
6) b = 0,8; l = 215 × 106; = 68 ..;
7) b = 0,8; l = 310 × 106; = 50 ..;
8) b = 0,8; l = 325 × 106; = 48 ..;
9) b = 0,85; l = 216 × 106; = 70 ..;
10) b = 0,85; l = 232 × 106; = 68 ..;
11) b = 0,85; l = 314 × 106; = 50 ..;
12) b = 0,85; l = 330 × 106; = 48 ..;
13) b = 0,9; l = 224 × 106; = 70 ..;
14) b = 0,9; l = 240 × 106; = 68 ..;
15) b = 0,9; l = 334 × 106; = 50 ..;
16) b = 0,9; l = 350 × 106; = 48 ..
, b. , ( 4, 8, 12 16). , :
1) b = 0,7; l = 200 × 106; = 70 ..;
2) b = 0,7; l = 215 × 106; = 68 ..;
3) b = 0,7; l = 300 × 106; = 50 ..;
4) b = 0,8; l = 200 × 106; = 70 ..;
5) b = 0,8; l = 215 × 106; = 68 ..;
6) b = 0,8; l = 310 × 106; = 50 ..;
7) b = 0,85; l = 216 × 106; = 70 ..;
8) b = 0,85; l = 232 × 106; = 68 ..;
9) b = 0,85; l = 314 × 106; = 50 ..;
10) b = 0,9; l = 224 × 106; = 70 ..;
11) b = 0,9; l = 240 × 106; = 68 ..;
12) b = 0,9; l = 334 × 106; = 50 ..
, , . . [2].
, l ( l ).
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: l = 200×106; = 50 .., .
Ri :
. (2.129)
Ri :
. (2.130)
Ri (D i) :
. (2.131)
, , . , , .
. D i , :
1) b = 0,7; l = 200 × 106; = 70 ..; , ;
D i = |(1 1,0) + (1 1,47)| = 0,47;
2) b = 0,7; l = 215×106; = 68 ..; ,
; Di =| (1 1,075) + (1 1,417)| = 0,49;
3) b = 0,7; l = 300 × 106; = 50 ..; D i = 0,54;
4) b = 0,8; l = 200 × 106; = 70 ..; D i = 0,47;
5) b = 0,8; l = 215 × 106; = 68 ..; D i = 0,54;
6) b = 0,8; l = 310 × 106; = 50 ..; D i = 0,61;
7) b = 0,85; l = 216 × 106; = 70 ..; D i = 0,57;
8) b = 0,85; l = 232 × 106; = 68 ..; D i = 0,565;
9) b = 0,85; l = 314 × 106; = 50 ..; D i = 0,73;
10) b = 0,9; l = 228 × 106; = 70 ..; D i = 0,62;
11) b = 0,9; l = 240 × 106; = 68 ..; D i = 0,61;
12) b = 0,9; l = 334 × 106; = 50 ..; D i = 0,78.
, .
, ( 1 1) :
b = 0,7; D i = 0,47;
b = 0,8; D i = 0,47;
b = 0,85; D i = 0,57;
b = 0,9; D i = 0,62.
:
, (2.132)
n , L. :
(2.133)
(2.132) , 2.17.
1
D = 0,7 × 0,47 + 0,8 × 0,47 + 0,85 × 0,57 + 0,9 × 0,62 = 1,7475.
2
D = 0,7 × 0,49 + 0,8 × 0,49 + 0,85 × 0,565 + 0,9 × 0,61 = 1,764.
3
D = 0,7 × 0,54 + 0,8 × 0,61 + 0,85 × 0,73 + 0,9 × 0,78 = 2,189.
1 1, .
, , . , . (. . 2.50) , , ( ) , , , .
(. 1.1.5), . ( , . . 2.3.1.) : l/ m/ .
l (, l), , , .
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2.18. :
l i = {(1,35 × 106|0,8), (2,80 × 106|0,9), (4,60 × 106|0,95)},
i = {(2,4|0,7), (2,8|0,8), (3,5|0,9)},
: 1,35×106 0,8, 2,80 ×106 0,9 4,60 ×106 0,95. .
L.
, .
, , , . .
. , .
. 3.
2.19. . , 152×106, 60 .., 250×106, 40 .. 1 . , 64×106, 10 .., 80×106, 8 .. 0,5 .
: 0,97.
. 4 ( 3):
1) 1; 1;
2) 1; 2;
3) 2; 1;
4) 2; 2.
( 4) , . 2.3.2.
(2.108) :
1) K = 0,98;
2) K = 0,975;
3) K = 0,95;
4) K = 0,945.
, , , ( 5). :
1) K = 0,98, = 70 ..;
2) K = 0,975, = 68 ..
, .
, . 1 .
2.20. 2.19. :
l1 = (140 × 106|0,8; 152 × 106|0,85; 160 × 106|0,9),
1 = (1,5|0,7; 2,0|0,8; 2,5|0,9),
l2 = (240 × 106|0,7; 250 × 106|0,85; 270 × 106|0,9),
2 = (1,5|0,7; 2,0|0,8; 2,5|0,9),
l1 = (60 × 106|0,8; 64 × 106|0,9; 70 × 106|0,95),
1 = (0,5|0,7; 1,0|0,8; 2,0|0,9),
l2 = (75 × 106|0,85; 80 × 106|0,9; 90 × 106|0,95),
2 = (0,5|0,7; 1,0|0,8; 2,0|0,9),
l1 , 1, l2 , 2 , l1, 1, l2 2 L. L . , , , . :
1) b1 = 0,7; 2) b2 = 0,8; 3) b3 = 0,85; 4) b4 = 0,9; 5) b5 = 0,95.
L b- ( 6), (2.128):
b .
. b = 0,7. ( 1, 1) l1 = 140 × 106, b = 0,8, 1. 1 l1 = 60 × 106, . 1,5, 0,5; b = 0,7.
b = 0,95 , , 0,95.
, :
1) b1 = 0,7; 2) b2 = 0,8; 3) b3 = 0,85; 4) b4 = 0,9.
L :
1) b1 = 0,7: l1 = 140 × 106; l1 = 60 × 106;
1 = 1,5; 1 = 0,5;
2) l1 = 140 × 106; l2 = 75 × 106;
1 = 1,5; 2 = 0,5;
3) l2 = 240 × 06; l1 = 60 × 106;
2 = 1,5; 1 = 0,5;
4) l2 = 240 × 106; l2 = 75 × 106;
2 = 1,5; 2 = 0,5;
5) b2 = 0,8: l1 = 140 × 106; l1 = 60 × 106;
1 = 2,0; 1 = 1,0;
6) l1 = 140 × 106; l2 = 75 × 106;
1 = 2,0; 2 = 1,0;
7) l2 = 250 × 106; l1 = 60 × 106;
2 = 2,0; 1 = 1,0;
8) l2 = 250 × 106; l2 = 75 × 106;
2 = 2,0; 2 = 1,0;
9) b3 = 0,85: l1 = 152 106; l1 = 64 × 106;
1 = 2,5; 1 = 1,5;
10) l1 = 152 × 106; l2 = 80 × 106;
1 = 2,5; 2 = 1,5;
11) l2 = 250 × 106; l1 = 64 × 106;
2 = 2,5; 1 = 1,5;
12) l2 = 250 × 106; l2 = 80 × 106;
2 = 2,5; 2 = 1,5;
13) b4 = 0,9: l1 = 160 × 106; l1 = 64 × 106;
1 = 2,5; 1 = 1,5;
14) l1 = 160 × 106; l2 = 80 × 106;
1 = 2,5; 2 = 1,5;
15) l2 = 270 × 106; l1 = 64 × 106;
2 = 2,5; 1 = 1,5;
16) l2 = 270 × 106; l2 = 80 × 106;
2 = 2,5; 2 = 1,5.
( 7). , 2.19.
. :
1) b = 0,7; K = 0,99; = 70 ..,
2) b = 0,7; K = 0,98; = 68 ..,
3) b = 0,7; K = 0,96; = 50 ..,
4) b = 0,7; K = 0,95; = 48 ..,
5) b = 0,8; K = 0,99; = 70 ..,
6) b = 0,8; K = 0,98; = 68 ..,
7) b = 0,8; K = 0,96; = 50 ..,
8) b = 0,8; K = 0,95; = 48 ..,
9) b = 0,85; K = 0,98; = 70 ..,
10) b = 0,85; K = 0,97; = 68 ..,
11) b = 0,85; K = 0,95; = 50 ..,
12) b = 0,85; K = 0,94; = 48 ..,
13) b = 0,9; K = 0,97; = 70 ..,
14) b = 0,9; K = 0,96; = 68 ..,
15) b = 0,9; K = 0,90; = 50 ..,
16) b = 0,9; K = 0,88; = 48 ..
: , . 3 4. :
1) b = 0,7; K = 0,99; = 70 ..,
2) b = 0,7; K = 0,98; = 68 ..,
3) b = 0,8; K = 0,99; = 70 ..,
4) b = 0,8; K = 0,98; = 68 ..,
5) b = 0,85; K = 0,98; = 70 ..,
6) b = 0,85; K = 0,97; = 68 ..,
7) b = 0,9; K = 0,97; = 70 ..,
8) b = 0,9; K = 0,96; = 68 ..
, , b 0,97.
, , . . ( 8) [2].
, , K .
: K = 0,99; = 48 ..
Ri (2.86), Ri (2.130).
Ri D i (2.131):
. D i , :
1) b = 0,7; K = 0,99; = 70 ..,
; ,
D i = |(1 1,0) + (1 1,47)| = 0,47;
2) b = 0,7; K = 0,98; = 68 ..,
; ,
D i =|(1 0,99) + (1 1,417)| = 0,407;
3) b = 0,8; K = 0,99; = 70 ..; D i = 0,47;
4) b = 0,8; K = 0,99; = 68 ..; D i = 0,54;
5) b = 0,85; K = 0,99; = 70 ..; D i = 0,57;
6) b = 0,85; K = 0,99; = 68 ..; D i = 0,565;
7) b = 0,9; K = 0,99; = 70 ..; D i = 0,62;
8) b = 0,9; K = 0,99; = 68 ..; D i = 0,61.
, .
, ( 1 1) :
b = 0,7; D i = 0,47;
b = 0,8; D i = 0,47;
b = 0,85; D i = 0,57;
b= 0,9; D i = 0,62.
( 9) (2.132).
(2.133):
.
1
D = 0,7 × (0,47) + 0,8 × (0,47) + 0,8 × (0,57) + 0,9 × (0,62) = 1,7475.
2
D = 0,7 × (0,407) + 0,8 × (0,54) + 0,85 × (0,565) + 0,9 × (0,61) = 1,763.
1 1, 1 2.
, , .
, .
. / .
() . , , , . , ( 1, . . 2.46), , , ( 2.16 2.17 2.19 2.20).