.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


4 8

11

11, . , , , .

:
4511
4+5=9. 495.

7611
7+6=13. , 836.

:
10a+b. 11. 110a+11b = 100a +10 (a+b) +b

5 25

5, 2 10. 5, 2 10.

, / 25 / 4 / 100

:
365
36 2, 18. 18 10 180.

3/5
3 2 6. 6 10 0,6

45/25
45 4, 180. 180 100, 1,8

8425
84 4, 21. 21 100 2100.

:
5=10/2, / 2 / 2 10.

, 5

, , , , 25.

:
652
6 7, 42. 25, 4225.

1152
11 12, 132. 25, 13225.

 

:

10n+5. (10n+5)2 = 100n2+100n+25 = 100n(n+1)+25, .

,

.

:
192 = (20-1)2 = 40040+1=361

422 = (40+2)2 = 1600+160+4 = 1764

:

: (a+b)2 = a2+2ab+b2

: (a-b)2 = a22ab+b2

, , ( ) .

:
1000-725 = (9-7)(9-2)(10-5) = 275

100000 1237 = 100000 01237 = (9-0)(9-1)(9-2)(9-3)(10-7) = 98763

:

.

,

, 9 (8, 7, 6 ..), 1 (2, 3, 4 ..)

:
125+999 = 1125-1 = 1123

6528+996 =7258-4=7254

:

k- 999 = 100..00 1

4 8

4 : 4, 4.

, , , 10 2 4. : 4, 4.

8. , , .

:
1324: 4+2*2=8 4. 4+2*2+3*4=20 8

6328: 8+2*2=12 4. 8+2*2+3*4=24 8

 

 

1. . , . .

. .

. , - .

1.1. , .

1.2. , , .

1.3. , .

 

1.1. . ( ) , , () .

 

: ) 164 + 48 = (164 + (48 + 2)) - 2 = (164 + 50) 2 = 214 - 2 = 212;

) 784 + 297 = (784 + (297 + 3)) - 3 = (784 + 300) - 3 = 1084 - 3 = 1081;

) 89 + 433 = 433 +89 = (430 + 90) + 3 - 1 = 520 + 2 = 522.

 

1.2. . , . , , - , .

 

: ) 32 +26 +73 +45 = (30 + 20 + 70 +40) + (2 +6 +3 +5) = 160 + 16 = 176;

) 132 + 765 + 423 + 249 =(100 + 700 + 400 + 200) + (30 + 60 + 20 + 40) + (2+ 5 + 3 + 9) = 1400 + 150 + 19 = 1000 + (400 + 100) + (50 + 10) + 9 = 1000 + 500 + 60 + 9= 1569.

 

1.3. . .

 

. 65 + 62 + 61 + 63 + 67 + 64 + + 66 + 60.

, 64, , :

1) : 6  8 = 512, 8 ;

2) ; , , , - : 1 2 3 1 + 3 + 0 + 2 4 = -4;

3) :

512 +(-4) = 512- 4 = 508.

. , , 64, 63, :

1) 63 8 = 504,

2) 2 1 2 + 0 + 4 + 1 + 3 3 = 4,

3) 504 + 4 = 508.

, .

 

1.4. . , , , , .

: 24 +18 72 + 36 = 6  (4 + 3+12+ 6) = 6  25 = 150.

2. . , , , , .

2.1. , .

2.2. , .

2.3. , .

2.4. , .

.

2.1. . .

: 561 35 = (561 1) (35 1) = 560 34 = 526.

, .

: 3125 198 = (3125 + 2) (198 + 2) = 3127 200 = 3127 (100 + 100) =

= (3127 100) 100 = 3027 100 = 2927.

2.2. . , , .

: 1285 296 = 1285 ((296 + 4) 4) = 1285 (300 - 4) = (1285 300) + 4 =

= 1285 (200 + 100) + 4 = (1085 100) + 4 = 985 + 4 = 989.

2.3. . , , , , .

: ) 724 148 = 4  (181 37) = 4  144 = 2  2  144 = 2  288 = 576;

) 91 35 28 = 7  (13 5 4) = 7  4 = 28.

3. . .

. .

. , - .

. , .

3.1. , .

3.2. - , , .

3.3. - , .

, .

3.1. . , .

.

3.1. 4. 4 2.

: 596  4 = (596  2)  2 = (500  2 + 90  2 + 6  2)  2 = (1000 + 180 + 12)  2 =

= 1192  2 = 1000  2 + 100  2 + 90  2 +2  2 = 2000 + 200 + 180 + 4 = 2384.

3.2. 8. 8 2.

: 298 8 = (298 2) 4 = (200 2 + 90 2 + 8 2) 4 = (400 + 180 + 16) 4 =

= 596 4 = (596 2) 2 = 1192 2 = 2384.

3.3. 16. 16 2.

: 149 16 = (149 2) 8 = (100 2 + 40 2 + 9 2) 8 = 298 8 = (298 2) 4 =

= 596 4 = (596 2) 2 = 1192 2 = 2384.

2n (n ≥ 5).

3.2. . , , .

.

3.4. 15 (25, 35, 45). 15 (25, 35, 45), 30 (50, 70, 90).

: ) 32 15 = (32:2) (15 2) = = 16 30 = 480;

) 28 25 = (28:2) (25 2) =14 50 = 700;

) 16 45 = (16:2) (45 2)= 8 90 = 720.

3.3. . , , .

.

3.5. 5. 5, 10 2.

: 237 5 = (237 10): 2 = 2370: 2 = 2000: 2 + 300: 2 + 70: 2 = 1000 + 300 +35 =

= 1335.

3.6. 50. 50, 100 2.

: 139 50 = (139 100):2 = 13900: 2 = 10000: 2 +3000: 2 + 900: 2 =

= 5000 + 1500 + 450 = 6950.

3.7. 500. 500, 1000 2.

: 237 500 = (237 1000): 2 = 237000: 2 = 200000: 2 + 30000: 2 + 7000: 2 =

= 100000 + 15000 + 3500 = = 118500.

5 10" ( > 3).

3.8. 25. 25, 100 4.

: 239 25 = (239 100): 4 = 23900: 4 = (23900: 2): 2 =

= (20000: 2 + 3000: 2 + 900: 2): 2 = (10000 + 1500 + 450): 2 =

= 11950: 2 = 10 000: 2 + 1000: 2 + 900: 2 + 50: 2 = 5000 + 500 + 450 + 25 = 5975.

3.9. 250. 250, 1000 4.

: 197 250 = (197 1000): 4 = = 197000: 4 = (197000: 2): 2 = 98500: 2 = 49250.

3.10. 2500. 2500, 10 000 4.

: 182 2500 = (182 10 000): 4 = 1 820000: 4 = (1820000: 2): 2 = 910 000: 2 =

= 455000.

25 10n (n ≥ 3).

3.11. 129. 125, 1000 8.

: 386 125 = (386 1000): 8 = 386000: 8 = (386000: 2): 4 = 193000: 4 =

= (193000: 2): 2 = 96500: 2 = 48750.

3.12. 1250. 1250, 10 000 8.

: 824 1250 = (824 10 000): 8 = 8240000: 8 = (8240000: 2): 4 = (4120000: 2): 2 =

= 2060000: 2 = 1030000.

125 10" (>2).

3.3 75.

3.13. 75. 75, 4, 3 100.

: 408  75 = (408: 4)  3  100 = 102  3  100 = 306  100 = 30600.

55.

3.14. 55. 55, , , .

: 368 55, :

1) 2: 368: 2 = 184;

2) : 18400;

3) : 1840;

4) , : 368 55 = 18400 + 1840 = 19240.

3.4. . , , .

.

3.15. 9. 9, .

: 68  9 = 68  10 68 = 680 68 = 612.

3.16. 99. 99, .

: 347  99 = 347  100 347 = 34700 347 = 34353.

9 99.

3.17. 9. 9, , , .

3.18. 99. 99, , , 100 , .

: 246  99 :

1) , :
246 3 = 243;

2) , , 100: 100 46 = 54;

3) : 246  99 = 24354.

3.19. 999. 999, , , 1000 , .

: 4532  999, :

1) , : 4532 - (4 + 1) = 4527;

2) 1000 , : 1000 532 =468;

3) , : 4532  999 = 4 527468.

3.20. 98, 97, 96. 98, 97, 96, , , .

: ) 253  98 = 253  100 2  253 = 25300 506 = 24794;

) 247  97 = 247  100 3  247 = 24700 741 = 23959;

) 128  96 = 128  100 4  128 = 12 800 - 512 = 12288.

3.21. 998, 997, 996. 998, 997, 996, , , .

: ) 245  998 = 245  1000 245  2 = 245000 490 = 244510;

) 127  997 = 127  1000 127  3 = 127000 3 81 = 126619;

) 836  996 = 836  1000 996  4 = 836000 3344 = 832656.

3.5. , . , , .

.

3.22. 11. 11, 10 .

: 63  11 = 63  10 + 63 = 630 + 63 = 693.

3.23. 101. 101, 100 .

: 124  101 = 124  100 + 124 = 12400 + 124 = 12524.

3.24. 1001. 1001, 1000 .

: 7639  1001= 7639  1000 + 7639 = 7639000 + 7639=7646639.

10n + 1 (n ≥ 3).

. 11, 101,99.

3.25. 11, . , , .

. 42  11 :

1) 4 + 2 = 6;

2) 42, 6, : 42 - 11 = 462.

. 47  11 :

1) 4 + 7 = 11;

2) 47, 1, 1 (4+1=5), : 47 11 = 517.

3.26. 101, .

: 51  101 = 5151.

3.27. 99, 100.

: 49  99 = 4851.

3.6. , 9 . , 9 , 100, 100.

. 86  97 :

1) 100: 86 3 = 83;

2) 100: (100 86)  (100 97) = 14  3 = 42;

3) , : 86  97 = 8342.

3.7. . , , , .

. 16  13 :

1) : 16 +3 = 19;

2) , : 190 + 6  3 = 208.

4. . ( ).

4.1. , .

4.2. () , () .

, , .

4.1. . , .

4.1. 2. 2 .

: 234: 2 = 200: 2 + 30: 2 + 4: 2= 100 + 15 + 2 = 117.

4.2. . , .

.

4.2. 4. 4 2.

: 9824: 4 = 9824: 2: 2 = (9000: 2 + 800: 2 + 20: 2 + 4: 2): 2 = (4500 + 400 + 10 + 2): 2 =

= 4912: 2 = 4000: 2 + 900: 2 + 10: 2 + 2: 2 = 2000 + 450 + 5 + 2 = 2457.

4.3. 8. 8 2.

: 248: 8 = (248: 2): 4 = (124::2): 2 = 62: 2 = 31.

4.4. 16. 16 2.

: 512: 16 = (512: 2): 8 = (256: 2): 4 = (128: 2): 2 = 64: 2 = 32.

2n (n ≥ 5).

4.3. . , , .

.

4.5. 5. 5, 2 10.

: 345: 5 = (345  2): 10 = 690: 10 = 69.

4.6. 50. 50, 2 100.

: 17200: 50 = (17200  2): 100 = 34400: 100 = 344.

4.7. 500. 500, 2 1000.

: 238 000: 500= (238000  2): 1000 = 476000: 1000 = 476.

5  10n (n > 3).

4.8. 25. 25, in 100.

: 41200: 25 = (41200  4): 100 = (41200  2  2): 100 = (82400  2): 100 = 164800: 100 =

= 1648.

4.9. 250. 250, 4 1000.

: 216000: 250 = (216000  4): 1000 = (216000  2  2): 1000 = (432 000  2): 1000 =

= 864000: 1000 = 864.

25 10" ( > 2).

4.10. 125. 125, 8 1000.

: 12000: 125 = (12 000  8): 1000 = ((12 000  2)  4):1000 = (24 000  2)  2: 1000 =

= (48000  2): 1000 = 96 000: 1000 = 96.

4.11. 1250. 1250, 8 10000.

: 24000: 1250 = (24 000  8): 10 000 = (24 000  2)  4): 10000 = ((48000  2)  2): 10000 =

= (96 000  2): 10 000 = 192000: 10000 = 192.

125  10n (n ≥ 2).

4.3 75.

4.12. 75. 75, 3, 4 100.

: 16800: 75 = ((16800: 3)  4): 100 = (5600  4): 100 = 22400: 100 = 224.

, , .

, , , .

 



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