1. . :
2 6 4 ( )
N2 + 3H2 ↔ 2NH3
1 2 4 ( )
-
[N2]= 1 \
[H2]=2 \
[NH3]=4 \
N2 H2,
:
[N2] = 1 \ +2 \ = 3 \
[H2] = 2 \ +6 \ = 8 \
2. (HClO) 0,001 \.
, , =10-7
α= = 10-2 1%. = -lg = 5. [H+] = = 10-5
2. , NH4OH, 0,001 \, =10-5
α= = 10-1 10%. = -lg = 4.
[H-] = = 10-4
= 14 = 14 -4 =10 [H+] = 10-10 /
3. D :
N2H4 + O2 = N2 + 2H2O
() () () ()
D0, \, N2H4()= -80 H2O()= -242
DS , ( )
DrH0298 = ∑ v i D f H0298, i - ∑ vj D f H0298, j = 0 + 2(-242) (-80 + 0) =-404
. .
DrH0298
DS (DrS>0), 2, 3, .. . D G = D - D S Dr G <0,
4. 500 4,5 C6H12O6 (R = 0,082 ./.)
- . = RT . = nRT/V, n =m/M (C6H12O6) = 6 12 + 121 + 616 = 180, V = 0,5
: . = 1,22 .
5. 250 60 CO(NH2)2. , =1,86.
: Δ. = . m,
Δ. , m ,
, :
Cm = = m/M . m = 4 /
Δ. = . m = 4.1,86 = 7,440
6. , - , MnO4 -. MnO4 -
|
|
= 0 + (0,059/n) . lg ([Ox]/[Red])
:
KMnO4 + KNO2 + H2SO4 = MnSO4 + K2SO4 + KNO3 + H2O
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e = Mn2+ + 4H2O 2
NO2- + H2O - 2e = NO3- + 2H+ 5
, 2, , 5
2MnO4- + 16H+ + 10e +5NO2- + 5H2O - 10e = 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5NO3- + 10H+
:
2MnO4- + 6H+ +5NO2- = 2Mn2+ + 3H2O + 5NO3-
2KMnO4 + 5KNO2 + 3H2SO4 = 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 5KNO3 + 3H2O 0 MnO4- / Mn2+ = 1,51
:
KMnO4 + K2SO3 + H2O = MnO2 + K2SO4 + H
2KMnO4 + 3K2SO3 + H2O = 2MnO2 + 3K2SO4 + 2H 0 MnO4- / MnO2 = 0,60
:
) KMnO4 + K2SO3 + KOH = K2MnO4 + K2SO4 + H2O 0 MnO4- / MnO4-2 = 0,56
) KMnO4 +3 +KOH =2MnO4+ K2O3 + H2O
) 2KMnO4 + K2SO3 + 2KOH = 2K2MnO4 + K2SO4 + H2O
) 6KMnO4 +3 +8KOH =62MnO4+ K2O3 + 6H2O
7. -
(),,
:
Cl2+2KF ↔ 2KCl+F2
Cl2+2e- ↔ 2Cl-
2F- -2e- ↔ F2
: E Cl2/Cl- = 1,36 B < E F2/F- = 2,87 B. .
8. ,
BeCl2, F3 F3,,
M BeCl2 F3 , .
( ) F3, - sp3 , , NH3, NF3. : ,
9. 0,001 , . . (CH3COOH) = 10-5
CH3COOK + H2O ↔ CH3COOH + KOH
α= = = 10-3
= - lg = 6
pH = 14 = 14 + lg = 8
10. 0,1 : 1)NH4Cl, . (NH4OH) = 10-5.
2)Na2CO3 ( ), 1 (2CO3) = 10-7, 2 (2CO3) = 10-11
NH4Cl →NH4+ + Cl-
NH4+ + ↔ NH4OH + + ,
pH = -lg = = -lg = 5
Na2CO3 → 2Na+ + CO32-
CO32- + ↔ CO3- + - :
1 = α1 = = = 10-1= 0,1
CO3- + ↔ 2CO3 + - :
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|
2 = α2 = = = 10-4
, , :
= - lg = 2
pH = 14 = 14 + lg =12
11. Al(OH)3, (Al(OH)3) = 27∙10-8. .
x x 3x
Al(OH)3 → Al+3 + 3OH-
(Al(OH)3)= [Al+3]∙[OH-]3 = x ∙(3x)3 = 27x 4 = 27∙10-8, x = 10-2 , [OH-] = 3∙10-2
= 1,52 = 14 = 14 1,52 = 12,48
12. DS0 . D0,
, , ,
( ) :
a) 2N2 + O2 = 2N2O; D0 >0 ΔS < 0, ΔG > 0,
) N2 + O2 = 2NO; D0 >0 ΔS = 0, ΔG > 0,
) 2NO + O2 = 2NO2; D0 <0 ΔS < 0,
) NO + NO2 = N2O3; D0 <0 ΔS = 0, ΔG < 0
13. () , 35%, 1,20/.
, : = . V = 1, = n = , , : m = ω.m = ω.ρ.1000, ω = , : m = ρ.1000, ρ /. : = ω. ρ.1000/M = = /
C. = Z.CM =8,56 ../
14. 5,2 14,7 ( ). .
: ,
.. . .. :
15. .
-
Li+H-, Be+2H2-, B+3H-3, CH4, N-3H3+, H2+O-2, H+F-
Li+H- + N-H3+ = LiNH2 + H2 Li+H- + H2+O-2= LiOH + H2 Na0 + N-H3+ = NaNH2 + H2
N-3H3+ + H+ = [NH4]+ H2+O-2+ H+ = [H3O]+
. , α- :
3--3 + Li+H- = Li+ -2--3 + 2
:
Li+H- +Al+3H3- = Li+[AlH4]-
B+3H-3 + Na+H- = Na+[BH4]-
3--3 + Na+[BH4]-→ 3--3
15. K2[CoCl4]
.
: K2[CoCl4] → 2K++[CoCl4]2-
. :
[CoCl4]2- ↔ [CoCl3]-+ Cl-
|
|
[CoCl3]- ↔ [CoCl2]0 + Cl-
[CoCl2]0 ↔ [CoCl]+ + Cl-
[CoCl]+ ↔ Co2+ + Cl-
() :
[CoCl4]2- ↔ Co2+ + 4Cl-
16. :
3PO4 CuSO4 Ca(NO3)2
.
3PO4 → 3+ + PO4-3
PO4-3 + HOH ↔ HPO4-2 + OH- ( )
CuSO4 → Cu+2 + SO4-2
Cu+2 + HOH ↔ (CuOH) + + H+ ( )
Ca(NO3)2 → Ca+2 + 2NO3- ( )
17. ,
KAl(SO4)2 K3AlF6?
:
KAl(SO4)2 → K+ + [Al(SO4)2]- ( , SO42- - , 4)
[Al(SO4)2]-↔ Al+3 + 2SO4)2-2 ( )
K3AlF6 → 3K+ + [AlF6]-3 ( , Al+3 6)
[AlF6]-3 ↔ Al+3 + 6F- ( )
18. , ( ):
SiH4, CH3OH, H2S, CH3COOH, HBr, NH3, F3, HF, CH3Cl, H2O, 3--3
, - , =N, , F, Cl, Br, I .., , , , ,
SiH4, CH3OH, H2S, CH3COOH, HBr, NH3, F3, HF, CH3Cl, H2O, 3--3
CH3OH, H2S, CH3COOH, HBr, NH3, HF, H2O
SiH4, F3, CH3Cl, 3--3
19. , , HCl 0,0001 / NaOH 0,001 /
HCl→ H+ + Cl- | pH = -lg[H+] = -lg, ., N . =-lg10-4 =4 |
NaOH→Na+ + OH- | = - lg[OH-] = - lgo, o ., N = 14 - = 14 + lg[OH-] = 14 + lgo = 14 -3 = 11 |
20. - : Mg2[Fe(CN)6], Na2[Co(NH3)2(NO2)4], [Co(NH3)5(H2O)]Br3
CN-, (NH3)0, NO2- , (H2O)0
+2, 6 +2, 6 +3, 6
Mg2[Fe(CN)4 (N2)2], Na2[Co(NH3)2(N)4], [Co(NH3)5(H2O)]Br3
+4 +2 -4 -2 +2 +2 0 -4 +3 0 0 -3
21. , :
3H2 () + N2() = 2NH3 ()
NH4NO2 () = N2 () + 2H2O()
Na2CO3() + 2HCl () = 2NaCl() + H2O() + CO2()
3H2 () + N2() = 2NH3 () ∆S<0
NH4NO2 () = N2 () + 2H2O() ∆S>0
Na2CO3() + 2HCl () = 2NaCl() + H2O() + CO2() ∆S>0
22. ()
2NO() + O2() = 2NO2()
2 ?
23. , :
SO4-2, NO2-, Cu2+, Sn2+, F-, IO4-, Al3+, I-, Fe3+, SO32-
SO4-2, NO2-, Cu2+, Sn2+, F-, JO4-, Al3+, I-, Fe3+, SO32-
SO4-2 (S+6), Cu2+, F-, IO4- (I+7), Al3+, Fe3+ -
NO2- (N+3), Sn2+, I-, SO32- (S+4)
24. Dr0
|
|
2C2H6() + 7O2() = 4CO2() + 6H2O ()
DflH0298 :
D0(CO2()) = -393,5 \
D0(H2O ()) = -241,8 \
D0(CH4()) = -89,7 \
: DrH0298 = ∑ v i D f H0298, i - ∑ vj D f H0298, j=
. .
,
C2H6() + 7/2O2() = 2CO2() + 3H2O ()
DflH0298 =DrH0298/2 = -2845,4/2 = -1422,7 /
25. 3. 600 900 ?
26. (), , :
1) MnO4- + Cl- + H+ ↔ MnO2 + Cl2 + H2O
2) MnO4- + Br-+ H+ ↔ MnO2 + Br2 + H2O
3) MnO4- +F- + H+ ↔ MnO2 + F2 + H2O
2MnO4- + 6Cl- + 8H+ ↔ 2MnO2 + 3Cl2 + 4H2O
MnO4- + 4H+ + 3e- ↔ MnO2 + 2H2O E0= 1,70 B
2Cl- - 2e- ↔ Cl2 E0= 1,36 B
2MnO4- + 6Br-+ 8H+ ↔ 2MnO2 + 3Br2 + 4H2O
MnO4- + 4H+ + 3e- ↔ MnO2 + 2H2O E0= 1,70 B
2Br- - 2e- ↔ Br2 E0= 1,07 B
2MnO4- +6F- + 8H+ ↔ 2MnO2 + 3F2 + 4H2O
MnO4- + 4H+ + 3e- ↔ MnO2 + 2H2O E0= 1,70 B
2F- - 2e- ↔ F2 E0= 2,87 B
27. :
2NO () + O2 ↔ 2NO2()
:
[NO]=10 /
[O2]=12,5 /.
, 50% (II), NO. NO, NO2 , O2;
5 2,5
2NO () + O2 ↔ 2NO2()
5 10 5
28. 10% , 250 0,1 ? ?
ω% = 10%, ω=0,1; V = 250 = 0,25
= .
ω =
C = Z∙CM; = / Z = 0,05 /
29. 50%- ( ρ =1,4 /) , 2 0,1 ? ?
ω% = 50%, ω=0,5; V = 2000 = 2
= .
ω =
V2=
C = Z∙CM; = / Z = 0,05 /