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. , , , . , , : . 1970-80- . XIX ., . , , . . , , (, , , , , ..) . .

, , : , , : , , .

, , , , , . , , , (.. ). 1 . , 1%.

1

.
1960-74   -1,5 -1,2
1956-68 -3,0 -0,7 -1,2
1970-88 -1,3 -0,9 -0,9
1969-86 -0,6 -1,3 -1,0
1983-91 -1,1 -1,1 -0,5
1955-71 -0,33 -1,78 -1,77
1947-64 -1,39 -0,84 -0,3
      -1,95
1970-86 -0,88 -1,37 -0,94

: Österberg 1995: 148-149.

, , , . , , . . 46 , 1020 . . 0,75 2,8 , $23, $21,2, $32 (WHO 2004: 44). 10 , 120 , 150 . .

(, , ..) . , , . , .

, . . .

, . , , , , , (WHO 2004: 1623) . , .

, , . , , 25%.

, , , , , .

, . , . , , , . , . , , . , , . , , , .

, .. 1991. . 1991. 6: 1820.

, .., .. , .. . 2003. : . .: .

, .., .. . 1997. : . .: .

, .. 2005. . : . .: .

2002. 2002. : , 2002.

, .., .. , .. . 2005. . : , , . .: .

, .., .. , .. . 2003. 8. . . . , , . .: .

, .. 2001. (, , , ). 㳿 9(4): 67.

, .. 2003. . .: NALEX.

, .. 2001. 198090- . .: NALEX.

, .. . 6: 310.

, .. 1997. , 2: 34-36.

, .., .. . 2003. , . .: .

, .., .. (.). 2000. . : , .

Anderson, P. 1995. Alcohol and Risk of Physical Harm. Alcohol and Public Policy. Oxford, New York, Toronto, Tokyo: Oxford University Press. P. 82108.

Andreev E.M., E. Nolte, V.M. Shkolnikov, E. Varavikova and M. McKee. The evolving pattern of avoidable mortality in Russia. // International Journal of Epidemiology, 2003, 32: 437-446.

Brunovskis, A., and T. Ugland. 2003. Alcohol Consumption in the Baltic States. Oslo. Fafo-paper 4 (www.fafo.no/pub/rapp/702/702.pdf).

Davis, C. 1997. Economic Transition, Health Production and Medical System Effectiveness in the Former Soviet Union and Easter Europe. Paper presented at the Project Meeting on Economic Shocks, Social Stress and the Demographic Impact, April 17-19, Helsinki.

Duffy, S.W., and L.D. Sharples. 1992. Alcohol and Cancer Risk. Alcohol and Illness, J.C. Duffy ed. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. P. 118.

Harrison, B.H. 1971. Drink and the Victorians: the Temperance Question in England, 1815-1872. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press.

Human Development Report 2005. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press (hdr.undp.org/ reports/global/1995/en/).

Leon, D.A., L. Chenet, V.M. Shkolnikov, S. Zakharov, J. Shapiro, G. Rakhmanova, S. Vassin, and M. McKee 1997. Huge Variation in Russian Federation Mortality Rates 19841994: Artefact, Alcohol or What? Lancet 350: 383388.

Maddison, A. 2001. Monitoring the World Economy: A Millennial Perspective. Paris: OECD.

McKee, M., and A. Britton. 1998. A Positive Relationship between Alcohol and Heart Deceases in Eastern Europe: Potential Physiological Mechanism. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 91: 402-407.

Österberg, E. Do Alcohol Prices Affect Consumption and Related Harm? Alcohol and Public Policy. Oxford, New York, Toronto, Tokyo: Oxford University Press. 145158.

Romelsjö, A. 1995. Alcohol Consmuption and Unintentional Injury, Suicide, Violence, Work Performance and Intergenerational Effect. Alcohol and Public Policy. Oxford, New York, Toronto, Tokyo: Oxford University Press. 114134.

Shapiro, J. 1997. Russian Health Care Policy and Russian Health. Russian Political Development. London, Macmillan.

UNDP (United Nations Development Program). 2001. Human Development Report 2001. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press (hdr.undp.org/ reports/global/2001/en/).

UNICEF 2004. , 2004 . Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.

United Nations. 2004. World Drugs Report 2004. New York: United Nations. (www.unodc.org/unodc/en/world_drug_report.html).

WHO (World Health Organization). 2004. Global Status Report: Alcohol Policy. Geneva: World Health Organization.

WHO (World Health Organization). 2005. Global Alcohol Database (www3.who.int/whosis/menu.cfm?path=whosis,alcohol&language=english). Cited on 17.01.2005.

World Bank. 2004. World Development Indicators. Washington, DC: World Bank.

World Values 2001. : www.worldvaluessurvey.org.

 

1. , , , 19901994 .

( 1990 . / ) (1990 = 100)
- - - - - -
                     
            94,83 97,37 90,91 81,49 78,9
            81,02 84,57 79,16 46,53 43,5
            74,01 80,75 73,76 41,89 30,8
            64,73 75,02 75,68 43,98 27,7

: Maddison 2001: 341.

2. , , , 19901994 .

( 1000 .) (1990 = 100)
- - - - - -
  11,2 6,1 12,5 6,2 8,4          
  11,4 6,2 12,6 6,5 8,5 101,8 101,6 100,8 104,8 101,2
  12,2 6,5 13,1 7,0 9,6 108,9 106,6 104,8 112,9 114,3
  14,5 6,6 14,3 7,4 10,1 129,5 108,2 114,4 119,4 120,2
  15,7 6,6 15,2 6,6 8,6 140,2 108,2 121,6 106,5 102,4

: World Bank 2004.

3. , 19901994 ( )

2024 1990 . 0,71 2024 1990 . 0,71
1994 . 1,0 1994 . 1,50
19901994 . +0,29 19901994 . +0,79
2024 1990 . 2,6 2024 1990 . 2,6
1994 . 4,0 1994 . 3,8
19901994 . +1,4 19901994 . +1,6
2539 1990 . 1,13 2539 1990 . 1,02
1994 . 1,95 1994 . 1,85
19901994 . +0,82 19901994 . +0,83
2539 1990 . 4,38 2539 1990 . 3,76
1994 . 8,08 1994 . 6,58
19901994 . +3,7 19901994 . +2,82
4059 1990 . 5,04 4059 1990 . 4,52
1994 . 7,71 1994 . 6,5
19901994 . +2,67 19901994 . +1,98
4059 1990 . 14,35 4059 1990 . 13,58
1994 . 24,11 1994 . 20,07
19901994 . +9,76 19901994 . +6,49
2024 1990 . 0,63 2024 1990 . 0,46
1994 . 0,59 1994 . 0,57
19901994 . -0,04 19901994 . +0,11
2024 1990 . 1,50 2024 1990 . 1,17
1994 . 2,25 1994 . 2,84
19901994 . +0,75 19901994 . +1,67
2539 1990 . 0,90 2539 1990 . 0,91
1994 . 0,94 1994 . 0,76
19901994 . +0,04 19901994 . -0,15
2539 1990 . 2,68 2539 1990 . 2,15
1994 . 3,44 1994 . 3,05
19901994 . +0,76 19901994 . +0,90
4059 1990 . 4,28 4059 1990 . 4,14
1994 . 4,22 1994 . 3,51
19901994 . -0,06 19901994 . -0,63
4059 1990 . 10,52 4059 1990 . 9,38
1994 . 10,24 1994 . 8,95
19901994 . -0,28 19901994 . -0,43

 

2024 1990 . 0,93 2024 1990 . 0,61
1994 . 1,09 1994 . 0,77
19901994 . +0,16 19901994 . +0,16
2024 1990 . 1,47 2024 1990 . 2,60
1994 . 1,48 1994 . 4,01
19901994 . +0,01 19901994 . +1,41
2539 1990 . 1,33 2539 1990 . 1,04
1994 . 1,62 1994 . 1,39
19901994 . +0,29 19901994 . +0,35
2539 1990 . 2,47 2539 1990 . 3,57
1994 . 2,61 1994 . 5,11
19901994 . +0,14 19901994 . +1,54
4059 1990 . 5,48 4059 1990 . 4,84
1994 . 6,11 1994 . 6,14
19901994 . +0,63 19901994 . +1,3
4059 1990 . 10,22 4059 1990 . 13,10
1994 . 10,67 1994 . 17,38
19901994 . +0,45 19901994 . +4,28

: UNICEF 2004: 7376.

 

[1] , , (UINICEF 2004: 7375).

[2] , , , , .

[3] , , (UNICEF 2004: 7376).

[4] , , , , , , , - .

[5] : UNICEF 2004. Global Alcohol Database (WHO 2005). , , . . (Brunovskis and Ugland 2003: 14). . . ( 2001). , 9 (Brunovskis and Ugland 2003).

29 2005, 03:58 .., ..

 

 

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http://www.newchemistry.ru/letter.php?n_id=817

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1985 , 1987 - , (R11, R12, R113, R114, R115) 1 1996 (12B1, 13B1 114B2) 1 1994 . .

175 , . , .

, DuPont, Great Lakes, ICI ., . - , .

DuPont 1988 . 1999 21,1 . - ( IPCC Special Report on emission Scenarios, Fenhann /2000).

, , , . , 1 1996 . 20 2000 . , , , . , 2001 , , , . . .





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