2. The mixture divided by the experimentor was heated in separate tubes.
3. The assistant divided the magnet into two separate pieces.
4. The data obtained helped to study the new substance.
15. II , .
1. Observation of the seeps has led to the discovery of many of the worlds great oil fields. 2. Once such a likely area is found, then more specific tests and investigations are made and the information gained from these is used to construct maps of the earths substructure. 3. By 1920 it was found that looking for domes, seeps and anticlines on the surface maps was not sufficient. 4. Thus geophysical methods were devised. 5. The first method developed was the torsion balance, followed closely by the seismograph. 6. With the seismograph, subsurface structures can be deduced by measuring the transit times of sound waves generated by an explosion. 7. Other tools developed for use by geophysicists are gravity meters and magnetometers. 8. The basic tool in any search for oil is a knowledge of the earth itself how it was formed, its composition and its present configuration. 9. Not every well drilled today is assured of a rich strike.
16. (the Infinitive) . , , . to, . :
1) , 2) , 3), 4), 5). .
To build good roads is one of the most important tasks facing our engineers. - , .
- to be, , , . .
The object is to provide low pressure. , .
.
We endeavored to minimize the old disadvantages. .
, , , :
The size of the gathering line depends on the volume of crude to be moved, pipeline length and other factors.
, () , .
, , . , , .
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.
?, ? , () . ( ).
To accelerate the gas a high 1. -
pressure is needed in the pipeline. ,
.
2. .
We use ammeter to measure the 1. ,
current. .
2. .
17. , .
1. When man first began to seek petroleum, the easiest way to find it was to look for evidence of oil seeps on the earths surface. 2. The search for oil begins with geologists and geophysicists using their knowledge of the earth to locate geographic areas that are likely to contain reservoir rock. 3. The information gained from these is used to construct maps of the earths substructure.
18. , to be.
: to be :
1) , , ;
2) must (to be to + ) ( );
3) - (to be to + ) , , , , , task, question, problem, duty, aim;
4) , :
) Continuous (to be + Participle I);
) (to be + Participle II).
1. Most substances are complex in composition. 2. The conference is to open in a few days. 3. The aim of the conference is to discuss the problem of new energy sources. 4. He is making progress in mathematics. 5. The task of higher school is to educate highly-qualified specialists. 6. Coal, oil and natural gas are used as fuel. 7. Every worker is to know safety rules. 8. Gypsum is formed through sedimentation of mineral substances dissolved in water. 9. Thus, gypsum is a chemical sediment. 10. Now the students of our group are studying physical geology which deals with the chemical composition, crystal form and the origin of minerals. 11. They are in the laboratory now.
19. , to have.
: to have :
1) ;
2) must (to have to + ) ( ), , ;
3) , Perfect (to have + Participle II).
1. We have many laboratories at our Institute. 2. We shall have a five minutes break now. 3. Have you answered all the questions? 4. Our scientists have to solve many complicated problems. 5. The students of our group have already studied petrography dealing with the structure, texture and composition of rocks. 6. She doesnt have to go to the library. Ill give her the book she needs. 7. The research workers had made a lot of experiments before they got the necessary results. 8. You will have to try to do it again. 9. I had a lot of work to do last night.
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20. , to be to have , , - . .
1. We shall be waiting for you at the bus-stop at 5 oclock. 2. At this signal, the operator is to start the machine. 3. The building of the new school will be finished next month. 4. The students were carrying the experiment for some hours. 5. Our task was to define the speed of the reaction. 6. We are to have a short break at about 2 oclock. 7. The report which is to be made by this scientist is of great importance for our future work. 8. They have already passed their exams. 9. We did not have to ask the teacher any questions, we could do the work ourselves. 10. After the laboratory assistant had brought all the necessary diagrams, the lecture began. 11. To remember the new words you have to read them aloud. 12. New gas provinces have been discovered in the northern part of the Tyumen region.
21. :
THE SEARCH FOR OIL
When men first began to seek petroleum, the easiest way to find it was to look for evidence of oil seeps on the earths surface. Generally, oil seeps are either up-dips or seepage along a fracture. Observation of seeps has led to the discovery of many of the worlds great oil fields in the U. S., the Middle East, Venezuela, and at other points on the globe.
Indeed, the search for oil begins with geologists and geophysicists using their knowledge of the earth to locate geographic areas that are likely to contain reservoir rock. Once such a likely area is found, then more specific tests and investigations are made and the information gained from these is used to construct maps of the earths substructure. By 1920 it was found that looking for domes, seeps and anticlines on the surface maps was not sufficient. Thus geophysical methods were devised that gave the searchers an idea of what lay beneath the surface.
The first method developed was the torsion balance, followed closely by the seismograph. With the seismograph, subsurface structures can be deduced by measuring the transit times of sound waves generated by an explosion. Other tools developed for use by geophysicists are gravity meters and magnetometers. Another space age technique is remote sensing.
But of course, the basic tool in any search for oil is a knowledge of the earth itself how it was formed, its composition and its present configuration. It is not enough though, to merely become aware of the existence of an oil accumulation at a given location. Before investing what may be millions of dollars, the operator needs to know if the well will be commercially feasible, or simply stated, will he recover his investment and perhaps make a profit? Not every well drilled today is assured of a rich strike. There are still many dusters, but modern techniques lessen the risk. However, a great many steps must be taken between exploration and actual drilling.
22. :
1. What was the easiest way to find oil? 2. What has observation of seeps led to? 3. What does the search for oil begin with? 4. How are maps of the earths substructure constructed? 5. When and why were geophysical methods of prospecting devised? 6. Can you name the main geophysical methods and tools? 7. What is the basic tool in any search for oil? 8. What is it necessary to know before investing millions of dollars into a well? 9. Why must one take a great many steps between exploration and actual drilling?
23. 22- .
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24. :
1. :
Oil in Siberia
The oil and gas deposits in Siberia are unique in their size. Their importance increases greatly if we consider the fact that the Siberia discoveries took place at a time when many oil and gas reservoirs in the old and new worlds had become greatly depleted. The demand for oil and gas is growing quickly as a whole.
At a time of such high demand for oil Siberia is regarded as a supplier of this raw material and fuel. Siberian oil serves as raw material for large petrochemical combines in Novosibirsk, Tobolsk, Omsk.
Discovery of oil in Siberia simplifies the development of a number of districts including the Trans-Urals, Extreme North and Far East. Prospects have opened up for the rapid development of petrochemistry. One Siberian oilworker said: when we struck the first well at the now famous Samotlor field, we saw not a black fountain but a blossoming land; the cold land of Siberia warmed by our oil and labour.
2. , :
oil (petroleum); deposit (field); reservoir (formation, bed); demand (need); development (progress); convey (transport); area (district, region); well (hole, bore-hole); fountain (gusher); land (country).
3. :
increase (), deplete (), serve (),
stimulate (, ).
4. :
, , , , , , .
5. :
1. What can you say about the oil and gas deposits in Siberia?
2. At what time did the Siberian discoveries take place?
3. Is the demand for oil and gas growing quickly?
25. . .
Student: We are interested in Russian oil and gas potential and we are going to ask you
some questions.
Teacher: All right. You may put questions to me and Ill try to answer them.
Student: Well, what can you say about oil and gas deposits in Russia?
Teacher: As far as I know our country has unique oil and gas deposits. New discoveries
come thick and fast.
Student: Where are the largest of them located?
Teacher: You see, the largest have been those of the West Siberian gas fields, mainly in the Tyumen region, in the Komi Autonomous Republic, and near Orenburg.
26. :
Two students father were talking about their children. One of them said: When my son went to college, it took him three years to get his BS.
The second father smiled: Thats nothing. When my daughter went to college, it took her two years to get a Ph. D.
How could she get a Ph. D. in only two years?
Father said complacently She married him.
1) BS Bachelor of Science
2) Ph. D. Doctor of Philosophy
3) complacently
* * *
The professor was delivering the final lecture of the term. He stressed the fact that each student should devote all the time that he has to preparing for the final examinations.
The examination papers are now in the hands of the printer. Are there any questions?
There was a silence. Suddenly a voice from the back seat asked: Whos the printer?
Which Is Best
Two men with their sons in college were talking things over. My boy is certainly getting smart in the language, boasted one, his letters always send me to the dictionary.
You are lucky, growled the other, my boys letters always send me to the bank.
6
: 1. .
2. II.
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3. .
4. .
: Drilling
1. :
- discovering, hung, jumping, other, countryside, under, gusher, uppermost, mud, flush,
cuttings, thus, unimportant
- heavy, credit, empty, method, prevent, effective, instead
- called, board, born, water, overall
- early, earth, third, circulate, turbo-drilling, turbine, surface, turn
- through, tool, remove, fluid, blew, moving,
- tube, spew, introduce, reducing
- underground, around, doubt, encountered
- framework, raised, ancient, cable, casing, caving, wasted, formation, penetrated,
obtain, bailer
- only, over, hole, lower, notably, blow, flow, rotary, motor
- pipe, describe, brine, provide, high-grade
- machinery, mentioned, ancient, traditionally, Russia, Russian, commercial,
essentially, pressure, stationary, penetration, efficiency, application
- century, Chinese, attach
2. , :
machinery, derrick, technique,
commercial, essentially, suspended
, progressively, diameter
, prevent, effective,
progress, encountered, pressure
, quantities, spectacular,
serious, continuously, surface,
annular, column, stationary,
efficiency.
3. :
Titusville, Pennsylvania,
Ontario, Canada, Chinese
4. :
rock - ()
framework -
derrick -
tap - ()
stratum (strata) - , (, )
brine -
bit -
commercial -
cable-tool method - -
blow -
attach -
drill stem - ( ), (
)
length - ; ()
suspend -
wire -
rope - ;
bottom - ; ; ,
cuttings - ;
bailer -
tube - ; syn. pipe
valve - ; ,
casing - ;
caving - ,
flow - ,
shallow - ; ant. deep
means - ,
by means of - ,
stem - ,
encounter - () ,
blow out -
spew -
quantities - , ,
gusher - ,
spectacular - ,
waste - ,
hazard - ,
rotary method -
turn of the century - ()
string -
rotary table -
kelly -
drilling fluid (mud) - ,
hollow - ,
surface -
annular space - ,
flush - ,
column -
formation - ;
penetrate - ,
turbo-drilling -
stationary -
stream -
rate of penetration -
conventional - , ,
wear out - ;
overall -
high-grade - ,
obtain - , ,
rapid - , ; (syn. quick, fast)
5. :
1) ways of discovering 1)
2) steel framework 2) ,
3) the third century A.D. 3)
4) spring board 4)
5) cable tool method 5)
6) essentially 6)
7) except for 7)
8) to keep back 8)
9) shallow wells 9)
10) were a serious fire hazard 10) ()
11) instead of moving up and down 11) ..
12) the uppermost pipe 12)
13) powered by 13)
14) although 14)
15) rapid bit wear 15) -
6. . .
1) to make 1) the cuttings
2) to pull out 2) a lot of oil and gas
3) to remove 3) some application
4) to keep back 4) a deep hole
5) to waste 5) water flow
6) to be 6) the kelly
7) to turn 7) the risk of blow out
8) to reduce 8) the bit
9) to have 9) a serious fire hazard
7. :
ways of discovering, underground oil, the only way, steel framework, is raised and lowered, goes far back into history, as early as the 3rd century A.D., a heavy bit, as to, the first commercial oil well, repeated blows, except for, from time to time, in such cases, over the countryside, at the turn of the century, instead of moving up and down, by means of, the uppermost pipe, with this method, so that, rapid bit wear.
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8. -
:
machinery, the technique of well drilling, the petroleum industry, traditionally, a Russian engineer, the first commercial oil well, cable tool method, effective for shallow wells, progress was slow, the flow of oil and gas, a serious fire hazard, is circulated down, the risk of blow out, a variant of rotary drilling, turbo-drilling, fluid motor or turbine, overall efficiency.
9. , ,
:
history - historic - historical - historian; tradition - traditional - traditionally; consider -
considerable - consideration; drill - drilling - driller; note - notable - notably; commerce -
commercial - commercially - commercialize - commercialism; essence - essential - essentially;
attach - attachment; suspend - suspender - suspension; cut - cutter - cutting; progress -
progressive - progressively; spectacle - spectacular - spectator; rotate - rotation - rotational -
rotative - rotary - rotatory; introduce - introduction - introductory; continue - continuous -
continuously - continual - continually - continuance - continuation - continuity; penetrate -
penetration; apply - appliance - applicable - applicant - application.
10. , :
only - little -
the only - a little -
first - few -
the first - a few -
other - ,
another- ,
1. The only way to get underground oil is to make a borehole through the rock, earth and sand. 2. Only metals can be used over and over again. 3. Nowadays he was very busy and he saw few of his old friends. 4. Adeline had slept little last night and she had a headache. 5. I beg your pardon, but allow me to have my dinner first, for I am hungry. 6. The only Greek letters used to denote kinds of rays are alpha, beta, gamma, pi and mu. 7. There remain only five cases to be considered in this analytic study. 8. The first reaction from the financial community abroad to the measures taken by the British Government was cautiously favourable. 9. Im afraid I have not much news to convey but still there are a few things I should like to add. 10. Aunt Florrie had a little money. 11. At the same time oil wells were being drilled in other places. 12. Would you like another cup of tea? 13. I made few friends in those days, for I was occupied with other things. 14. The houses on the other side of the river were built out of gray stone.
11. , (; ; ; ; ).
.
1. There are many ways of discovering underground oil. 2. The technique of well drilling goes far back into history. 3. The bit was raised up and down by several of men jumping on a spring board. 4. There is some doubt as to which country should be credited with having drilled the first commercial oil well. 5. The cable tool system was essentially a method of making a hole by repeated blows. 6. After drilling a few feet, the bit was pulled out. 7. No means was provided for stemming the flow of oil and gas. 8. With rotary method, the bit, instead of moving up and down, is attached to the bottom of a string of steel pipes and rotated by means of a rotary table.
12. II.
(; ; ).
.
1. The only way to get underground oil is to make a deep hole, called a borehole, or a well, through the rock, earth and sand. 2. The steel framework over the well is called a derrick. 3. From this the machinery that drills the hole is raised and lowered. 4. The technique of well drilling is first mentioned in ancient Chinese manuscripts, which describe wells drilled as early as the 3rd century A.D. 5. The wells were drilled with a heavy bit, which was raised up and down by several of men jumping on a spring board. 6. In Russia the first oil well was drilled in 1856 by a Russian engineer A.F. Semenov. 7. At around the same time oil wells were also being drilled in other places. 8. All these wells were drilled by the cable tool method. 9. The cable tool system was essentially a method of making a hole by repeated blows with a bit attached to a drill stem, a heavy length of steel suspended from a wire rope. 10. The hole was kept empty except for a little water at the bottom. 11. Steel pipes known as casing were run from time to time to prevent the hole from caving. 12. No means was provided for stemming the flow of oil and gas when encountered under pressure. 13. The present-day method of drilling, known as the rotary method, was invented at around the turn of the century. 14. With this method, the bit is attached to the bottom of a string of steel pipes and rotated by means of a rotary table. 15. Drilling fluid or drilling mud is continuously circulated down through the hollow drilling string, through the bit and back up to the surface through the annular space between drilling string and borehole wall. 16. The drilling fluid, by the weight of its column, holds the fluids under pressure in formations penetrated by the bit, thus greatly reducing the risk of blow out. 17. A variant of rotary drilling is known as turbo-drilling. 18. With this method the pipe is not rotated but is kept stationary, and the bit is rotated on bottom by means of a fluid motor or turbine powered by the mud stream.
13. , (; ; ; ; ). .
1. The only way to get underground oil is to make a deep hole through the rock, earth and sand. 2. Ancient Chinese manuscripts describe wells drilled as early as the 3rd century A.D. to tap underground strata for brine. 3. The petroleum industry is traditionally considered to have been born in 1859. 4. Steel pipes known as casing were run from time to time to prevent the hole from caving and to keep back any water flow. 5. However, the method has some application where high-grade steel is difficult to obtain.
14. Participle II .
1. The damaged parts were immediately examined and repaired by a specialist. 2. Installed, the wire may be used as a conductor. 3. The engine tested required further improvement. 4. When broadly used, the term alloy may include mixture of metals and not solid solutions. 5. The results obtained proved to be right. 6. The instruments get spoilt if left in the open air. 7. The amount of calculations carried out depends on the quality of the electronic computer used. 8. The gas mixture ignited quickly produces more force if first compressed.
15. .
1. Protecting the personnel against radioactive radiation holds an important place at the atomic power plant. 2. The first alloys were formed by mixing metals with other substances.
3. The engineer insisted on these reservoirs being used for holding aviation gasoline. 4. There were other ways of applying high voltage. 5. By working hard you can make up for the time lost. 6. The engineer insists on those devices being a new step in the development of technique. 7. The constructor informed us of establishing a new record of a non-stop flight. 8. His main occupation was washing reflectors with soapy water. 9. The turbulent flow of gases produces cooling. 10. There is no hope of our getting a complete analysis of measurement within 10 days.
16. .
1. To build good roads is one of the most important tasks of our engineers. 2. Under such conditions dust can get into the interior. 3. To give the necessary output the plant needed new techniques. 4. The main purpose is to design modern equipment and establish new methods of operation. 5. When ionised the electrons do not remain free but attach themselves to neutral atoms to form negative ions. 6. To understand the action of batteries let us examine a very simple sort of cell. 7. We tried to minimize the old disadvantages. 8. In an effort to overcome these difficulties a great deal of experimental work has been carried out by the specialists. 9. So they have found a new type of tape possible to work with. 10. Attempts to design a steam turbine with a special form of the nozzle were made by numerous inventors.
