: , , .
: , , 2 %, 0,005 /, III 10 %.
: 20 , , , , , .
50 10 2 %, 10 . 2-3 III 10%. 5-10 . .
2-3 , , , : ( ) ( ). , III (), .
, , 3-5 0,005 /, , .
, , . / / .
1. . ?
2. ?
3. ? ?
4. ? ?
5. . .
6. ? ?
7. .
8. ?
9. ?
10. ?
11. ? ?
12. ? .
13. / /, .
14. ? , .
15. ?
16. : , , , .
|
|
|
1. . . : . / . .. . .: . ., 2002. 560 .
2. .. : . / . . .. . .: -, 2001. 383 .
3. .., .., .. . .: . ., 1990. 487.
4. - .. . .: . ., 1976. 328 .
5. .. : . . . . .: . ., 1989. 256 .
6. .. . .: . ., 1974. 504 .
7. / .. , .. , .. ; . .. . .: . ., 1990. 255 .
8. . . : . . . . / .. , .. , .. ; . .. . .: . ., 2001. 237 .
9. .. . .: . ., 1989. 238 .
10. .., .., .. . .: . ., 1972. 152 .
1.
20 , /3
| , % | H2SO4 | HNO3 | HCl | KOH | NaOH | NH3 |
| 1,012 | 1,009 | 1,008 | 1,016 | 1,021 | 0,990 | |
| 1,025 | 1,020 | 1,018 | 1,033 | 1,043 | 0,981 | |
| 1,038 | 1,031 | 1,028 | 1,048 | 1,065 | 0,973 | |
| 1,052 | 1,043 | 1,038 | 1,065 | 1,087 | 0,965 | |
| 1,066 | 1,054 | 1,047 | 1,082 | 1,109 | 0,958 | |
| 1,080 | 1,066 | 1,057 | 1,100 | 1,131 | 0,950 | |
| 1,095 | 1,078 | 1,068 | 1,118 | 1,153 | 0,943 | |
| 1,109 | 1,090 | 1,078 | 1,137 | 1,175 | 0,936 | |
| 1,124 | 1,103 | 1,088 | 1,156 | 1,197 | 0,930 | |
| 1,139 | 1,115 | 1,098 | 1,176 | 1,219 | 0,923 | |
| 1,219 | 1,180 | 1,149 | 1,286 | 1,328 | 0,892 | |
| 1,303 | 1,246 | 1,198 | 1,411 | 1,430 | - | |
| 1,395 | 1,310 | - | 1,538 | 1,525 | - | |
| 1,498 | 1,367 | - | - | - | - | |
| 1,611 | 1,413 | - | - | - | - | |
| 1,727 | 1,452 | - | - | - | - | |
| 1,814 | 1,483 | - | - | - | - | |
| 1,830 | 1,513 | - | - | - | - |
2.
| 3,14,4 | |||
| 4,26,3 | |||
| 6,58,0 | |||
| 8,310,0 | |||
| 1,010 | |||
| 012 | |||
| 7,28,8 |
3. c, /,
l
| T, | , / | T, | , / | ||
| 0,02 | 0,01 | 0,02 | 0,01 | ||
| 0,2243 0,2294 0,2345 0,2397 0,2449 0,2501 | 0,1147 0,1173 0,1199 0,1225 0,1251 0,1278 | 0,2553 0,2606 0,2659 0,2712 0,2765 | 0,1305 0,1332 0,1359 0,1386 0,1417 |
|
|
|
4.
25
l¥ t = l¥25 [1 + a (t 25)].
15 35 a 0,02.
| l¥+×104, ×2/ | a×102 | l¥×104, ×2/ | a×102 | ||
| + + N4+ 1/2 Pb2+ 1/3 F3+ Ag+ 1/2 u2+ 1/2 Zn2+ Na+ Li+ | 349,8 73,5 73,5 68,0 61,9 56,6 50,1 38,6 | 1,42 1,87 1,87 1,78 2 1,94 2,40 1,85 2,08 2,14 | - 1/2S42- 1 N3- 1/2242- - 3 25 37- 65 | 198,3 80,0 76,35 71,46 54,6 40,9 35,8 32,6 32,3 | 1,96 2,06 1,94 1,84 2 2 2,06 2 2 |
5.
25
, . I, II, III .
| p | |||
| 65 | 6,3×105 | 4,20 | |
| 322 | 1,5×105 | 4,82 | |
| 1,8×104 | 3,75 | ||
| 32 | 1,3×105 | 4,87 | |
| 3 | 1,74×105 | 4,76 | |
| - | I II | 5,6×102 | 1,25 |
| 5,4×105 | 4,27 | ||
| H3PO4 | I | 7,1×103 | 2,15 |
| H2PO4- | II | 6,2×108 | 7,21 |
| HPO42- | III | 5,0×1013 | 12,30 |
| N4 | 1,76×105 | 4,755 |
6.
25
| j, | ||
| , | ||
| Zn2+, Zn | Zn2+ +2 e Zn | 0,763 |
| Cu2+, Cu | Cu2+ + 2 e Cu | +0,337 |
| Ag, AgCl, Cl | AgCl + e Ag + Cl | +0,222 |
| - | ||
| Fe3+, Fe2+(Pt) | Fe3+ + e Fe2+ | +0,771 |
| Fe(CN)63-, Fe(CN)64-(Pt) | Fe(CN)63- + e Fe(CN)64- | +0,364 |
| J3 3J-(Pt) | J3- + 2 e 3J- | +0,545 |
| H+, C6H4O2, C6H4(OH)2(Pt) | C6H4O2 + 2H+ + 2 e C6H4(OH)2 | +0,699 |
7.
| 25 C | |||
| 9: 1 8: 2 7: 3 6: 4 5: 5 4: 6 3: 7 2: 8 1: 9 | 3,72 4,05 4,27 4,45 4,63 4,80 4,99 5,23 5,57 | 5,91 6,24 6,47 6,64 6,81 6,98 7,17 7,38 7,73 | 10,28 9,95 9,73 9,55 9,37 9,20 9,01 8,77 8,43 |
8.
| T,C | s×103, /2 | r, /3 | T,C | s×103, /2 | r, /3 |
| 75,64 | 999,84 | 72,59 | 997,99 | ||
| 74,92 | 999,96 | 72,44 | 997,77 | ||
| 74,22 | 999,70 | 72,28 | 997,53 | ||
| 74,07 | 999,60 | 72,13 | 997,29 | ||
| 73,93 | 999,49 | 71,97 | 997,04 | ||
| 73,78 | 999,37 | 71,82 | 996,78 | ||
| 73,64 | 999,24 | 71,66 | 996,51 | ||
| 73,49 | 999,10 | 71,50 | 996,23 | ||
| 73,34 | 998,94 | 71,35 | 665,94 | ||
| 73,19 | 998,77 | 71,18 | 995,64 | ||
| 73,05 | 998,59 | 70,38 | 994,03 | ||
| 92,90 | 998,40 | 69,56 | 992,21 | ||
| 72,75 | 998,20 | 67,91 | 988,04 |
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|
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9. -
| r ( 20 C), /3 | s×103 ( 20 C), /2 | ||
| 46,07 | 22,4 | ||
| -1 | 60,10 | 23,7 | |
| -2 | 60,10 | 21,3 | |
| 74,12 | 25,4 | ||
| -1 | 88,15 | 25,8 | |
| -2 | 88,15 | 24,0 | |
| 58,08 | 24,0 | ||
| 92,10 | 62,4 | ||
| 78,10 | 28,9 | ||
| 60,05 | 27,6 |
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436- 29 2010
15.09.2014. 60´84/16.
. . Times.
. . . 5,58. .-. . 5,25. 200 . 734.
428015 , ., 15
