23 , , . . . ?
2.
34 0,005 . 0,05 , 0,05 . ? , . .
3.
(CaCO₃) , . . .
4.
23 (II), 23 (II). . . ? . , (. 2).
5.
23 56 . 46 . , . .
6.
23 . 56 , , . 810 . , , (. 4).
1. .
2. :
Pb(NO₃)₂ + CaJ₂ →
CaCO₃ + HCl →
FeCl₃ + Ba(OH)₂ →
CH₃COOH + K₂CO₃ →
3. ?
4.
( - NO₃⁻, Na⁺)
2 Ag⁺ + CrO₄²⁻ = Ag₂CrO₄;
H⁺ + CH₃COO⁻ = CH₃COOH;
2 Al³⁺ + 3S²⁻ + 6 H₂O = 2 Al(OH)₃ + 3 H₂S.
. .
|
|
, :
H₂O ⇄ H⁺ + OH⁻ , 2 H₂O ⇄ H₃O⁺ + OH⁻.
- . 22C 10⁻⁷ /.
(5)
, , [H₂O] :
K = K [H₂O] = [H⁺] [OH⁻]. (6)
. 22C 110⁻¹⁴
K = [H⁺] [OH⁻] = 110⁻¹⁴. (7)
, , .
. [OH⁻] 0,01 , 100 %.
.
HBr ⇄ H⁺ + Br⁻.
(3) [OH⁻]
.
. - , . () . . () H+, . , pH:
pH = - lg[H⁺]. (8)
, .. [H⁺] = [OH-], pH = 7. [H⁺]>[OH⁻], , <7, [H⁺]<[OH⁻] pH>7.
. , 0,001 KOH.
. -
[OH⁻] = [KOH] α N(OH⁻),
α - ; N(OH⁻) (OH⁻), KOH.
[OH⁻] = 0,00111 / = 10⁻³ /.
,
,
pH = -lg[H+] = -lg(110⁻¹¹) = 11.
pH - , .
pH , . pH 5 8, pH 3,1 4,4, pH 8,3 9,8. pH . pH pH- ().
, ( ).
|
|
, ( ).
, ( ). .
, . () (). .
.
1. . , , Na₂CO3, K₂S, Na₃PO₄, KCN .
KCN + H₂O ⇄ KOH + HCN;
CN⁻ + HOH ⇄ HCN + OH⁻.
KOH , , HCN , . , .. [OH⁻]>[H⁺] pH>7.
, , , .
2. . , NH₄Cl, AlCl₃, CuSO₄ .
. H⁺ .
NH₄Cl + HOH ⇄ NH₄+ HCl
NH₄⁺ + HOH ⇄NH₄OH + H⁺.
NH₄OH , ; HCl , . [H⁺]>[OH⁻] pH<7; .
3. NH₄CN, Al₂S₃, (CH₃COO)₃Fe, CuS ..
(+), (-) , H+ OH⁻ :
+ ⇄ +
K⁺ + A⁻ + HOH ⇄ KOH + AH.
( , , , , .. ()<()), ( , , .. ()>()), : ()≈(). ,
CH₃COONH₄ + HOH ⇄ CH₃COOH + NH₄OH.
(1,76 10⁻⁵) (1,79 10⁻⁵) . pH 7.
, () . . ,
Al2S3 + 6 H2O 2 Al(OH)3¯ + 3 H2S;
Fe2(CO3)3 + 6 H2O 2 Fe(OH)3¯ + 3 H2 CO3 (CO2 + H2O);
(NH4)2SiO3 + 2 H2O 2 NH4OH (NH3 + H2O) + H2SiO3¯.
(, , , ). ,
2 AlCl3 + 3 Na2 CO3 + 6 H2O 2 Al(OH)3¯ + 3 H2 CO3 (CO2 + H2O) + 6 NaCl.
4. , , , .. .
: NaCl, KNO₃, BaCl₂, Na₂SO₄. (pH = 7).
|
|
, , . , , .
I.
CuSO₄ = Cu²⁺ + SO₄²⁻.
Cu²⁺ + H₂O ⇄ CuOH⁺ + H⁺,
2 CuSO₄ + 2 H₂O ⇄ (CuOH)₂SO₄ + H₂SO₄.
CuOH⁺ + H₂O ⇄ Cu(OH)₂ + H⁺,
(CuOH)₂ SO₄ + 2 H₂O ⇄ 2 Cu(OH)₂ + H₂SO₄.
II.
Na₃PO₄ = 3Na⁺ + PO₄³⁻.
PO₄³⁻ + H₂O ⇄ HPO₄²⁻ + OH⁻,
Na₃PO₄ + H₂O ⇄ Na₂HPO₄ + NaOH.
HPO₄²⁻ + H₂O ⇄ H₂PO₄⁻ + OH⁻,
Na₂HPO₄ + H₂O ⇄ NaH₂PO₄ + NaOH.
H₂PO₄⁻ + H₂O ⇄ H₃PO₄ + OH⁻,
NaH₂PO₄ + H₂O ⇄ H₃PO₄ + NaOH.
, .
.
. . . . (0,001-1 ): , , , , , , . : , , .