1
1. , : ) ; ) .
2. , . - ?
3. . - V- ? ?
4. Zn Cl : Zn2+, Cl‾
2
1. , : ) ; ) .
2. - . - ?
3. . - - .
4. N : Ca2+, N3‾.
3
1. , : ) ; ) .
2. , , ? , . ?
3. ? ? ?
4. ? .
4
1. , : ) ; ) .
2. ? , .
3. ? V- ?
4. Mn, Cl : Mn4+, S2‾.
5
1. , : ) ; ) .
2. , . - ?
3. V- ? .
4. Fe Se : Fe6+, Se2‾.
6
1. , : ) ; ) .
2. ? ? , .
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3. ? ? .
4. Co Cl : Co2+, Cl3+.
7
1. , : ) ; ) .
2. , : 2+, 3+, 4+, 6+, 7+. , , .
3. V- , - V ? .
4. : P5+, Cr3+.
8
1. , : ) ; ) .
2. , , : ) Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3,
) Mn(OH)2 Mn(OH)4, ) Sn(OH)2 Sn(OH)4?
3. V- , - ? ?
4. : Br5+, Co2+.
9
1. , : ) ; ) .
2. , , , ? , .
3. s ? . ?
4. : Mn7+, I‾.
10
1. , : ) ; ) .
2. - ? .
3. II- ? ?
4. Ni, P : Ni3+, P3‾.
11
1. , : ) ; ) .
2. : , , , ? . ?
3. . .
4. Br, Mn : Br‾, Mn6+.
12
1. , : ) ; ) .
2. V- ? , .
3. , 1+, 3+, 5+, 7+. , . ?
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4. Al, As : Al3+, As3‾.
13
1. , : ) ; ) .
2. - , 2+, 3+, 6+?
3. , V- ? .
4. Ca, Sn : Ca2+, Sn4+.
14
1. , : ) ; ) .
2. , ? ? .
3. ? .
4. : Ge4‾, Pb2+.
15
1. , : ) ; ) .
2. ? - 5s25p3?
3. , , - ? .
4. : Cr3+, Cl‾.
4. : " , "
, . . , , . :
- , ;
- ;
- ;
- .
1. .
2. . , ? .
3. .
2
I2 | HI | CrCl3 | PbO | (H2O)n | |
NH4Cl | BaI2 | AsH3 | K2O | F2 | |
Cl2 | Mn2O3 | CH4 | ZnS | SiO2 | |
Fe2O3 | N2 | NaBr | NH4+ | SO2 | |
Al | MgO | N2 | H2S | FeCl3 | |
PCl3 | HF | Mn2O3 | Cl2 | PI2 | |
CO2 | H2S | PbCl4 | Fe2S3 | Br2 | |
KOH | Br2 | ZnO | AlBr3 | H2O | |
CuCl | HBr | CO2 | Cr2O3 | I2 | |
O2 | CaS | Na2O | H2S | CCl4 | |
(HF)n | SiBr4 | Cl2 | CuO | AlI3 | |
Cu | F2 | Al2O3 | KBr | SiO2 | |
Br2 | CH4 | NaOH | Cu2O | Al2S3 | |
NH3 | SiO2 | MgBr2 | CrO | I2 | |
HBr | Fe2O3 | (H2O)n | Cl2 | FeCl3 |
5. : " "
:
- - , , ;
- -, , ; .
- ;
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- , .
1. 3 () .
2[Zn(OH)4] | ||||||
Pt4+ | Cl─ | K+ | ||||
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ | SO42─ | |||||
Al3+ | OH─ | Na+ | ||||
Cr3+ | H2O | Cl─ | ||||
K[BF4] | ||||||
[Zn(OH)4]2─ | Na+ | |||||
Fe3+ | CN─ | K+ | ||||
Au3+ | Cl─ | H+ | ||||
K[Ag(CN)2] | ||||||
[Co(NH3)6]3+ | Cl─ | |||||
Ni2+ | H2O | SO42─ | ||||
K2[Ni(CN)4] | ||||||
Ag+ | NH3 | Cl─ | ||||
[Al(OH)4]─ | K+ | |||||
Na3[Co(NO2)6] | ||||||
Pt2+ | NH3 | Cl─ | ||||
[Ni(NH3)6]SO4 | ||||||
[FeF6]4─ | K+ | |||||
Na3[CoF6] | ||||||
Al3+ | H2O | Cl─ | ||||
K3[AlF6] | ||||||
Sn2+ | OH─ | Na+ | ||||
[Cu(H2O)4]2+ | NO3─ | |||||
Na3[CoF6] | ||||||
W4+ | CN─ | K+ | ||||
Cu2+ | CN─ | Na+ | ||||
[Ni(NH3)6]2+ | Br─ | |||||
Na2[HgI4] | ||||||
Ca2+ | NH3 | Cl─ |
2. , . :
1. [Co3+(NH3)6]; 9. [Co3+(NH3)2(NO2)4];
2. [Ni3+(H2O)4Cl2]; 10. [Pt4+Cl6];
3. [Zn2+ (OH) 4]; 11. [Fe2+ (CN) 6];
4. [Sb5+ (OH) 6]; 12. [Co3+F6];
5. [Co3+ (NH3)5Br]; 13. [Pt4+Br4];
6. [Fe3+F6]; 14. [Au3+Cl4];
7. [Co3+ (NH3)5SO4]; 15. [Co3+(NO2)6];
8. [Pt4+(NH3)4Cl];
3. , :
1. FeCl3+K4 [Fe (CN) 6] →
2. [Pt (NH3)6] Cl4+AgNO3 →
3. K2SO4+Na3 [Co (NO2)6] →
4. [Pt (NH3)3Cl3] Cl+Pb (NO3)2 →
5. FeSO4+K3 [Fe (CN) 6] →
6. NaCl+K [Sb (OH) 6] →
7. [Co (NH3)5SO4] Cl+AgNO3 →
8. [Cu (NH3)4] SO4+BaCl2 →
9. [Co (NH3)5SO4] Br+AgNO3 →
10. [Co (NH3)5Br] SO4+BaCl2 →
11. CuSO4+K4 [Fe (CN) 6] →
12. Na3 [Co (CN) 6] +FeSO4 →
13. K3 [Fe (CN) 6] +AgNO3 →
14. K [Sb (OH) 6] +Na2SO4 →
15. Na3 [Co (CN) 6] +KCl →
4. :
1. KCN∙AgCN; 9. 2KCN∙Ni(CN)2;
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2. Co (NO3)3∙6NH3; 10. 2KCl∙PtCl4;
3. 2KCN∙Cu (CN) 2; 11. AgCl∙2NH3;
4. CoCl3∙6NH3; 12. 4KCN∙W (CN) 4;
5. 2KSCN∙Co (SCN) 2; 13. 2NH3∙PtCl4;
6. 4KCN∙Fe (CN) 2; 14. CoF3∙3NaF;
7. KCl∙AuCl3; 15. CrCl3∙6H2O;
8. CuCl2∙4NH3;
6. " "
, . , , , .
:
- ;
- , , ;
- ∆0298, ∆S0298 ∆G0298 ;
- ∆, ∆S, ∆G , .
1. 5, ∆0298 ( 4). .
2. ∆S0298 , . ∆S0298 .
3. ∆G0298 , 5. ∆G0298 .
4
1. | 4NH3()+52()↔62()+4NO() |
2. | CO()+3H2() ↔CH4()+H2O() |
3. | 4HCl()+2() ↔2H2O()+Cl2() |
4. | 2CO()+3H2() ↔CH4()+CO2() |
5. | 2CH4()+2() ↔2O()+4H2() |
6. | CH4()+2H2O() ↔CO2()+4H2() |
7. | CH4()+H2O() ↔CO()+3H2() |
8. | 4NH3()+32() ↔62()+2N2() |
9. | C2H4()+32() ↔2O2()+2H2O() |
10. | 4NH3()+52() ↔62()+4NO() |
11. | CH4()+2() ↔2O()+2H2O() |
12. | CO()+H2O() ↔CO()+H2() |
13. | CH4()+2() ↔2O()+2H2() |
14. | CH4() ↔C2H2()+3H2() |
15. | 2CO()+3H2() ↔C2H2()+3H2O() |
5
∆0298, | ∆G0298, | S0298, | ||
22 | 226,750 | 209,200 | 200,820 | |
NO | 90,370 | 86,690 | 210,200 | |
24 | 52,280 | 68,173 | 219,450 | |
NH3 | -45,190 | -16,647 | 192,500 | |
CH4 | -74,850 | -50,830 | 186,190 | |
-110,520 | -137,270 | 197,910 | ||
2 | -393,510 | -394,380 | 213,650 | |
H2O | -241,830 | -228,590 | 188,720 | |
H2O | -285,950 | -237,190 | 69,940 | |
N2 | 0,000 | 0,000 | 200,000 | |
H2 | 0,000 | 0,000 | 130,590 | |
2 | 0,000 | 0,000 | 205,030 | |
Cl2 | 0,000 | 0,000 | 222,950 |
7. " . "
, ( , , , .). ( ), .
:
- , -, ;
- ;
- , : , , , ;
- , .
: N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + Q
: = ;
: = ;
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: =
2 , .. , , .. .
.. , , .. , .
.. , , .. , 4 2 .