II
:
.
..
..
..
2001
1.
, , , .
, , , . () , . .
, ( ) ( ); .
( ) M n L: [MLn]. :
_ _
, :
F - -,OH - -,
Cl - -, CN - - ,
O -2 , NCS -2 ,
S -2 -.H - -.
(N2 , N24 , 66 ..), :
H2O , ,
NH3 , NO .
H + .
, , ( , .. , ..).
:
[o(NH3)3Cl3] - ,
[u(NH3)4]SO4 (II),
[Al(H2O)6]Cl3 (III),
K4[Fe(CN)6] (II) ,
K3[Fe(CN)6] (III) .
2.
2.1.
.
.
Li+1 ,
Th+4 .
, .
|
|
|
.
Ce+3 (III),
Ce+4 (IY).
, , , .
.
Al(OH)+2 ,
Al(OH)2+1 -.
.
.
FeOH+1 II -,
FeOH+2 III -.
( ), , , -.
.
TiO+2 -,
UO2+2 -.
2.2.
- , .
:
F-1 -,
H-1 -,
S-2 -,
O-2 -.
, -.
.
HS-1 -,
H-1 -.
- ( ) - ( ).
.
SO4-2 - -,
SO3-2 - -.
, , :
- - -;
- - -.
.
HClO4 , -,
HClO3, -,
HClO2, -,
HClO, - .
- - .
.
O4-3 --,
O3-1 - .
-, , .
.
O4-2 - -.
2O4-1 -
- , , - . , , - .
.
[Fe(CN)6]-3 III -,
[Fe(CN)6]-4 II -.
3.
I
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Cu2O | HNO3 | V+3 |
| CuO | HNO2 | Bi(OH)2+1 |
| BaO2 | HNbO3 | HSO3-1 |
| LaF3 | H2CrO4 | CrPO4 |
| H2S | H2Cr2O7 | KHCO3 |
| Al2 S3 | Ce(OH)3 | Fe(OH)2Cl |
| OF2 | U(OH)2 | KFe(SO4)2 |
4
1. ,
2. ,
3. ,
4. ,
5. ,
6. ,
7. ,
8. ,
9. ,
10. (II) .
II
|
|
|
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
| V2O5 | H2SO4 | La+3 |
| Na2O2 | H2SO3 | Ir(OH)2+2 |
| NdF3 | HIO | HSO4-1 |
| H2Se | HIO3 | LaPO4 |
| CS2 | HVO3 | NaHSO3 |
| Al4C3 | La(OH)3 | Cr(OH)2Br |
| Mg3As2 | Ir(OH)4 | NaCr(SO4)2 |
4
1. ,
2. ,
3. ,
4. ,
5. ,
6. ,
7. ,
8. ,
9. ,
10. (III) .
III
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
| UO2 | H2SiO3 | U+3 |
| UO3 | H4SiO4 | As(OH)2+1 |
| Hg2O | HClO | HCO3-1 |
| H2Te | HClO2 | VPO4 |
| B2C | H2B4O7 | KHSO4 |
| Ba3Sb2 | Nd(OH)3 | Al(OH)2Cl |
| CH4 | Th(OH)4 | K2NaPO3 |
4
1. ,
2. ,
3. ,
4. ,
5. ,
6. ,
7. ,
8. ,
9. ,
10. (II) .
IY
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
| WO2 | H2MnO4 | Th+4 |
| WO3 | HMnO4 | Al(OH)2+1 |
| K2O2 | HClO4 | HCrO4-1 |
| LuF3 | HClO3 | NdPO4 |
| HI | H4P2O7 | KHCrO4 |
| ZnSe | V(OH)3 | BiOHCl2 |
| SiF4 | Hf(OH)4 | LiAl(SO4)2 |
4
1. ,
2. ,
3. ,
4. ,
5. ,
6. (III),
7. ,
8. ,
9. ,
10. (III) .
4.
4.1.
1) :
1) + 2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2.
Ba+2H2O=2Ba(OH)2+H2.
2) + Li2O+H2O=2LiOH.
CaO + 2H2O=2Ca(OH)2.
3) NaCl Û Na+ + Cl-.
2) :
+ CuSO4+2NaOH=Cu(OH)2 ¯+Na2 SO4,
Cu2+ + 2OH- =Cu(OH)2.
FeCl2+2KOH=Fe(OH)2 ¯+2KCl,
Fe2+ + 2OH- =Fe(OH)2.
________________________________________________
: Na2CO3+Ca(OH)2=2NaOH+Ca(CO)3 ¯.
1. .
..
Mg+2H2O = Mg(OH)2 ¯+H2
.
: (..) Mg - H2O Mg(OH)2 .
2.
..
MgO+H2O = Mg(OH)2 ¯
.
: (..) Mg(OH)2 . , .. MgO .
3.
t
1.1. NH4Cl+NaOH = NH4OH (NH3+H2O)+NaCl.
.
1.2. FeCl3+3NaOH = Fe(OH)3¯+3NaCl,
.
Fe3+ + 3OH- =Fe(OH)3.
1.3. CuSO4+2NaOH=Cu(OH)2 ¯+Na2 SO4,
.
Cu2+ + 2OH- =Cu(OH)2.
: .
1) :
SO3+H2O = H2SO4
N2O5+H2O = 2HNO3.
2) :
2P+5HNO3+2H2O = 3H3PO4+5NO
3I2+10HNO3 = 6HIO3+10NO+2H2O.
3) :
|
|
|
H2+Cl2=2HCl.
4) :
NaCl+H2SO4=HCl+NaHSO4
NaNO3+H2SO4=HNO3+NaHSO4.
4.4.
1.
1.1. S+O2=SO2,
1.2.SO2+H2O +H2SO3.
2.
t
2.1. 2NaCH3COO+H2SO4=Na2SO4+2CH3COOH,
. .
CH3COO-+H+ = CH3COOH.
2.2. 2NaCl+H2SO4=Na2SO4+2HCl.
. :
- ;
- .
4.5.
1) :
- Mg+Cl2 =MgCl2,
- Zn+H2SO4=ZnSO4+H2,
- c Cu+HgCl2=CuCl2+Hg.
2) :
- CaO+2HCl= CaCl2+H2O,
- CO2+Ca(OH)2= CaCO3+H2O,
- CaO+CO2=CaCO3.
3) :
- H2SO4+2NaOH=Na2SO4 +2H2O.
4) :
- AgNO3 +NaCl=AgCl¯+NaNO3,
- c CuSO4+2NaOH=Cu(OH)2¯+Na2SO4,
- c Na2CO3+2HCl=2NaCl+H2O+CO2.
4.6.
1.
Al2(SO4)3+8NaOH= 3Na2SO4 +2NaAlO2+4H2O.
.
2.
Pb(NO3)2+KI=PbI2¯+2KNO3,
Pb2+ + 2I- =PbI2¯.
4.7.
1.
ZnSO4+2NaOH= Zn(OH)2¯+ Na2SO4,
.
Zn+2 + 2OH- =Zn(OH)2¯.
2H+ + ZnO2-2Û Zn(OH)2 ÛZn+2 + 2OH-.
1. 1.
Zn(OH)2+2HCl=ZnCl2+2H2O,
.
Zn(OH)2+2H+ =Zn+2+2H2O.
1. 2.
Zn(OH)2+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+2H2O,
.
Zn(OH)2+2OH- =ZnO2-2+2H2O.
: , .. , , , .
| HAlO2 | ||
| HAsO3 | ||
| H3AsO4 | ||
| HsO2 | ||
| H3AsO3 | ||
| HBO2 | ||
| H3BO3 | ||
| H2B4O7 | ||
| HBr | ||
| HOBr | ||
| HBrO3 | ||
| HCOOH | ||
| CH3COOH | ||
| HCN | ||
| H2O3 | ||
| H22O4 | ||
| HCl | ||
| HClO | ||
| HlO2 | ||
| HlO3 | ||
| HlO4 | ||
| HCrO2 | ||
| H2rO4 | ||
| H2r2O7 | ||
| HI | ||
| HOI | ||
| HIO3 | ||
| HIO4 | ||
| HMnO4 | ||
| H2MnO4 | ||
| H2MoO4 | ||
| HN3 | () | |
| HNO2 | ||
| HNO3 | ||
| HPO3 | ||
| H3PO4 | ||
| H4P2O7 | () | () |
| H3PO3 | ||
| H3PO2 | ||
| H2S | ||
| HSCN | ||
| H2SO3 | ||
| H2SO4 | ||
| H2S2O3 | ||
| H2S2O7 | () | () |
| H2S2O8 | () | () |
| H2Se | ||
| H2SeO3 | ||
| H2SeO4 | ||
| H2SiO3 | ||
| HVO3 | ||
| H2WO4 |
|
|
|
1. .. : ./ . ... .: , 1983, 704 .
2. .. . ./ . .. ... .: , 1985, 264 .
3. : . ./ ., .-., . .: . . .:, 1989, 648 .
1. ...3
2. ⅅ....4
2.1. ⅅ..4
2.2. ⅅ5
3. 充8
4. 酅.12
4.1. 酅12
4.2. 酅...12
4.3. .13
4.4. .13
4.5. 酅14
4.6. 酅14
4.7. ⅅ..15
充16
....................................................................................................19
