LOOK IT UP!.
Find in the dictionary the meaning of each word.
| to slice | |
| enzyme | |
| tissue | |
| to denature | |
| tanning | |
| albinism | |
| polyphenol oxidase | |
| access | |
| tyrosinase |
DID YOU KNOW?? S
WHY DO APPLES AND POTATOES TURN BROWN WHEN YOU SLICE THEM?
All cells contain thousands of enzymes. These enzymes do all of the work necessary for the cell to live its life. The actual mechanism that causes browning in apples and potatoes involves an enzyme called polyphenol oxidase, also known as tyrosinase.
The browning reaction results from the oxidation of phenolic compounds in the fruit under the action of an enzyme called polyphenol oxidase (PPO), which is common in plant tissues.
Once you cut the fruit, you open up some of the cells. The enzyme then has access to oxygen in the air and it does its thing, turning the fruit brown. This is the same thing that causes brown spots in apples when you drop them.
The easiest way to prevent browning is to put the sliced apples in water so that the enzyme does not have access to oxygen. You can also heat the apples to denature the enzyme.
In humans, tyrosinase is also important because it helps create melanin, which causes tanning. The lack of tyrosinase in humans leads to albinism. So in humans, the browning that tyrosinase helps cause is actually a good thing!
SECTION B.
CAPITALS
MOSCOW
Moscow is the capital and the largest city of Russia. Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world. Population of Moscow with Moscow Region is 17,001,292 (as of the 2002 Census).
The first Russian reference to Moscow dates from 1147. It is located on the Moscow River in the Central Federal District, in the European part of Russia. The Moscow Kremlin is one of the World Heritage Sites in city, which serves as the residence of the President of Russia. The Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) and the Government of Russia also sit in Moscow. Moscow is a major economic centre.
Moscow has a humid continental climate with warm, somewhat humid summers and long, cold winters.
Moscows architecture is world-renowned. Moscow is also well known as the site of Saint Basils Cathedral, with its elegant onion domes, as well as the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Seven Sisters. The "Seven Sisters" is the English name given to a group of Moscow skyscrapers designed in the Stalinist style. Muscovites call them Vysotki or Stalinskie Vysotki. All seven towers can be seen from most elevations in the city; they are among the tallest constructions in central Moscow apart from the Ostankino Tower which, when it was completed in 1967.
One of the most notable art museums in Moscow is the Tretyakov Gallery, which was founded by Pavel Tretyakov. Another art museum in the city of Moscow is the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, which was founded by, among others, Marina Tsvetaeva's father. The State Historical Museum of Russia is a museum of Russian history wedged between Red Square and Manege Square in Moscow.
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Among Moscows many theatres and ballet studios is the Bolshoi Theatre and the Malyi Theatre as well as Vakhtangov Theatre and Moscow Art Theatre.
The Central Park of Culture and Rest, named after Maxim Gorky, was founded in 1928.
Moscow has always been a popular destination for tourists. Some of the better known attractions include the city's UNESCO World Heritage Site, Moscow Kremlin and Red Square, which was built between the 14th and 17th centuries.
In 1980, it hosted the Summer Olympic Games, which was boycotted by the United States and several other Western countries due to the Soviet Union's involvement in Afghanistan in late 1979.
Although Moscow has a number of famous Soviet-era higher educational institutions, most of which are more oriented towards engineering or the fundamental science, in recent years Moscow has seen a significant growth in the number of commercial and private institutions that offer classes in business and management. Many state institutions have expanded their education scope and increased their student enrolments.
It is home to many scientific and educational institutions, as well as numerous sport facilities. It possesses a complex transport system, that includes 3 international airports, 9 railroad terminals, and the world's second busiest (after Tokyo) metro system which is famous for its architecture and artwork. When it first opened in 1935, the system had just one line. Today, the Moscow Metro contains twelve lines, mostly underground with a total of 177 stations. Sheremetyevo International Airport is the most common entry point for foreign passengers, handling sixty percent of all international flights. Domodedovo International Airport is the leading airport in Russia in terms of passenger throughput.
Primary industries in Moscow include the chemical, metallurgy, food, textile, furniture, energy production, software development and machinery industries.
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LONDON THE EVER CHANGING CAPITAL
London is the capital of the United Kingdom. It is a major tourist destination for both domestic and overseas visitors. London attracts 27 million visitors every year.
London has a wide range of peoples, cultures, and religions, and more than 300 languages are spoken within the city. In July 2007, it had an official population of 7,556,900. The public transport network is the most extensive in the world. London Heathrow Airport is the world's busiest airport in the world. London was named by New York Magazine as the capital of the world for the 21st century.
London is an important city because the Government of the United Kingdom is located around the Palace of Westminster. Many government departments are located close to Parliament, particularly along Whitehall, including the Prime Minister's residence at 10 Downing Street.
London has a temperate marine climate, so the city rarely sees extremely high or low temperatures. Summers are warm; winters in London are chilly, but rarely below freezing. The lowest ever recorded temperature is −10C. Snow is relatively uncommon. Some snowfall, however, is usually seen up to a few times a year.
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The City of London is one of the world's three largest financial centres (alongside New York and Tokyo) with a dominant role in several international financial markets.
The West End is London's main entertainment and shopping district. The West End has its focus around Piccadilly Circus, with its giant electronic advertisements. London's theatre district is here, as are many cinemas, bars, clubs and restaurants, including the city's Chinatown district. Europe's busiest shopping area is Oxford Street, a shopping street nearly 1.6 km long which makes it the longest shopping street in the world and home to many shops and department stores. The West London area is known for fashionable and expensive residential areas such as Notting Hill, Knightsbridge and Chelsea where properties can sell for tens of millions of pounds.
The eastern region of London contains the East End and East London. The East End is the area closest to the original Port of London, known for its high immigrant population, as well as for being one of the poorest areas in London.
The majority of Londoners - 58.2% - identify themselves as Christians. London has traditionally been dominated by Christianity, and has a large number of churches, particularly in the City of London. The well-known St Paul's Cathedral in the City and Southwark Cathedral.
The largest parks in the central area of London are the Royal Parks of Hyde Park and Regent's Park. This park contains London Zoo, the world's oldest scientific zoo, and is located near the tourist attraction of Madame Tussauds Wax Museum. Hyde Park in particular is popular for sports and sometimes hosts open-air concerts.
London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; the historic settlement of Greenwich; the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; and the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey and St. Margaret's Church.
London offers a great variety of cuisine as a result of its ethnically diverse population.
London hosted the 1908 and 1948 Summer Olympics and will host the 2012 Summer Olympics.
London is home to many museums, galleries which are major tourist attractions as well as playing a research role. The British Museum houses historic artefacts from around the world. The British Library is the UK's national library. The city also houses extensive art collections, primarily in the National Gallery.
London ranks as one of the most expensive cities in the world, alongside Tokyo and Moscow.
