.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





: . , : . , , .

. .

, , - . - , . , , ( ) .

- , . , , , ( ) , .

, ( ) . - , , . , , , , . , , . , . : , . , , , ,


. , , , , 93.

, , . , - , . - , 94. : , , , .., . , , , , , , , . , , , , .

. , . , , -, , : , , , , 95. , , : . , , , .

, 96. , - , , , . , -

93 Rubin, Paul H. (1998), The State of Nature and the Evolution of Political Preferences, Department of
Economics Emory University Working Paper Series,
4.

94 Hirshleifer, Jack (1995), Anarchy and its Breakdown, 103 Journal of Political Economy, 26.

95 Gluckman, Max (1956), Custom and Conflict in Africa, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

96 Posner, Richard A. (1980), A Theory of Primitive Society, with Special Reference to Law, 23 Jour
nal of Law and Economics,
1-53.


, , . , , , , .

, , 97, . , . , , . , , , , , , . , , . , , , , , , .

( , ). , , . , , .

, , , ( ):

Ri=aiEi+biFi

i = 1,2; ; i- , F; ; , bj .

i- :

:

, , :

97 .: Umbeck, John R. (1978), A Theory of Contractual Choice and the California Gold Rush, 2 Journal of Law and Economics, 421-437; Umbeck, John R. (1981), A Theory of Property Rights with Applications to the California Gold Rush, Ames: Iowa State University Press.


, ; (pi + 2 = 1; Rj = PiR). (Contest Success Function - CSF), (pi/) (F^):

()

m , , , m > 0.

, , Fi F2:


"


""

1 2


. 5.1 , 1- .

Fb , (]).

, , . , , . . , , , .

5.1. 9*


 

 

 

 

 

1 0,9-      
+ F2 = 25
0,7-      
0.6- m = 0,5    
05- I    
0.4- f... ■■   m = 1
0.3-   ,-\  
0,2-    
0.1-  
 
 
 
 

C 35 40 46

98 Hirshleifer, Jack (1995), Anarchy and its Breakdown, 103 Journal of Political Economy, 32.


:

(f2R2)m

, , , :


/ I

J2 2

[ ()

h)

, m , pi/p2 > 0, fi > f2, pi/p2>■ , fi< f2 (. . 5.2).

(fi/f2), (pi/p2).

, , , , 1. . R = 100, f\ = 0,1, f2 = 0,2, m = 2/3. :


/(l-m)

.99

Ri = 20, R2 = 80. 5.2.


m = 0.75

m = 0.9

7 6-5 4

1-


0-2 0.4 0.6 0.6


1


1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8


, . , , , 3/2 (Ri = 60, R2 = 40),


99


Ibid., 34.



: R/ = 45,2, R2' = 54,8. : R]2 = 35,7, R22 = 64,3. .

m > 1, , m = 2, . , , Ri = 60, R20 = 40 m = 2, Ri1 = 36, R21 = 64; Ri2 = 7,3, R22 = 92,7, . , .

, , , , (Yj > , i=l,2).

, , .

, , , . , . :



fl \Ji +/2

i = 1,2; aiei + & = 1; = m/(l-m).

, (RQ RC2):

f" -

, , :

, , , , .

b = 1 . 5.3.

, . , .

, pi = 2 = 1/2, :

, R h; m .

, N. :


, RQ:


/i




       
   

/2


= 2/

5.3. = 1/2 = 2/


.8 .

, , , (ai = a; bi = b), :

/

b(N~m)

( 0 < m < 1; Y; > ), , , , - , .

R , i- :


1-

, = (etPtRf =

a(N-m)

, , - R, .


100


Ibid., 36.



(R = rN), i- :

-rN

a(N-m)

, , (, , : 5R/5N > 0; t^R/SN2 < 0) N, f. . R = 100, N = 2, h = 1, m = 2/3, = b = 1, : fj = f2 = 1/2, (Yj) 25. (, ) R N, , ceteris paribus, : fi = £ = f3 = ft ~ 0,857, : Yj = 20.

, , : , -, , , , 1; -, ; -, , .

, , , , , , , , , . : , , - m 1, ; m (, , ) , .

, , , , : . .



.


- , -, , , -, (),

186


, , , , , - , , . , . , -, . .

, ( , , , , ..) , . : , , ; , , ; 101. - - . , - . , , , : .

, , , - - . , . , , , , .

, , , , , , ; , , 102. , . , , , .

101 . (1991), // ., 2- , .2, .: , . 132.

102 . (1988), // ., 3- , ., .:

, .336.


, , . , , - . - , , , .

, .

- , , , .

, , , , . . , , , . , . , , , ( ), . , , , .

, , - , , , . . , , , .

. , , . , . , , 103. , ,

103 .. (1997), . // . , .: -, .241.


, , , .

- , . , , .

, , , , , : , , . , , , .

, , , , , . , , , .

- . , , , , . - , , . , , -.

, - . , - , , , -, - .

, , . , - .

-, , , .


, -. , , : , . , , , , -.

. , : . . . 4.

, . i :

7/ =

Rj 1- i- , . 1- RL . 5.4. , , ( ), .

, i- , :

1. 2- RH . 4. ,

5.4.



L

 



, -.

, ( ) ( ): -, ; -, . - 104.

G ( , 1); Y , , , : Y = Y(G), Y'(G) > 0, Y"(G) < 0, Y(0) = 0; t ; r(t) % (Y), t, r(t) G, r'(t) < 0, (0) = 1; 1 r(t) Y; tr(t) - % Y, ; r(t)Y = I - , , .

, t* G*:

max tr(t)Y(G)-G

t,G V ' V '

, , G ( , 1) , (G < tr(t)Y(G)). , G, (t) .

t, :

Y(G) > 0, :

, t:

, , Y, :

, , (tr'(t)dt) (rdt).

, :

104 McGuire, Martin . and Olson, Mancur Jr. (1996), The Economics of Autocracy and Majority Rule: The Invisible Hand and the Use of Force, 34 Journal of Economic Literature, 72-96.


:

:

, , rY = I, I G :

, , .

Q , :

, (. . 5.5).

. 5.5 (tA*), Y,

TA*r).

, (1/tr 1/t) Q(tA*) P(tA*) , , . rA*Y(G) tA* (G) IV ( ), ( ) ( ).

, , G , t, , t .

- , , , . , . , 1603- , , , , , , , .


, , , , . , .


5.5.



 



 


 


105


Ibid., 79.



: , -? . -, , , . -, , - , . , , , , 106, , - . , , .

, , , - , 107.

, .

^ . 1^^ , --*- ^- - . , - : , . , , , , . , , 108.

: -, , ; -, , , - .

, , G, G t . , ( t*

106 Olson, Mancur Jr. (1993), Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development, 87 American Political Sci
ence Review,
567-576.

107 Ibid., 572.

108 McGuire, Martin and Olson, Mancur Jr. (1996), The Economics of Autocracy and Majority Rule:
The Invisible Hand and the Use of Force, 34 Journal of Economic Literature, 80-83.


G*), , , :

W = max(l -t)r{t)Y(G) U = max([r(f[G])7(G)]- G)

G

G

, . , , :

tr(t)Y(G)-G = O , :

rT{G)+Yr}{t) -1 = 0 W K'dG

rY'(G) , Yr'(t)<5t/<5G , , 1 .

, :

:

dG_ Y(

dt 1-trY1 trT-l

<5G/<5t :

r{t)T{G)- (0 f ^'(G)~! 4i-1 = 0 W V ; W K;Y(Glr(t)+tr'(t)]

:

r{t)

t, tN*, , r(tN*) = rN*.

r(tN*)Y'(G) = I'(tN*, G), rN*, :

MSCN* tN*. {-[(l-t*)(r*)7r*]} , 1 G. r'(t*) < 0, MSCn* > 1, , t, .

. 5.6. tN* (MSC) (V) . . 6 , , -


GN*. . 6 , , (tN*IN = GN*).


5.6.



, , , , . , , , 110. () Y. (Y = Y(Lg)), , , Y(Lg) Lg = Lg*, . (G) (G = G(Lg), <5G/<5Lg > 0, c^G/SLg2 < 0). . 5.7. -

109 Ibid., 32.

110 Findlay, Ronald and Wilson, John D. (1984), The Political Economy of the Leviathan, Institute for
International Studies,
Stockholm, Seminar Paper No.285; . : . (2001),
,
: , .341-349.


, (R(Lg) = T(Lg) G(Lg)), , R(LA*), , ,

*),

*. t$L Y(La*).

5.7.





:


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