., (a) 01 2011
, .
- : . , , .
:
0 ne → Me+n,
, 0+n .
, , , , , , . . , .
:
2Mg + O2 = 2MgO
, , .
. , :
2Al + 3Br2 = 2AlBr3
. , , , . :
+ HOH → Me(OH)n + H2↑
: , . .
, . , , . :
Me + nH+ → Men+ + H2↑
, , , , . , , , .
: . . : , .
, , () :
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Li → Rb → K → Ba → Sr → Ca → Na→ Mg → Al → Mn → Zn → Cr → → Fe → Cd→ Co → Ni → Sn → Pb → H → Sb → Bi → Cu → Hg → Ag → Pd → Pt → Au
, , .
, , . , :
Zn + 2 HCl = ZnCl2 + H2↑ + Q
, , (, .), , , .
( ), , ( ). , . -, , 1, ( ) 1,01 105 (1 ). - (Pt; H2 [1,01105], + [a=1]), - - (. ): , . (1953), . (. ) , -. , " " . , - - . ., .
-Pt, 2[1,01105]|1(b=l)|AgCl, Ag|Pt +
-, n , -:
Ű- , R- , -. -, F- , i-. ( , ), -, vi-. (. - . -, . - -. -, . AgCl + : Ag + 1-). . . , , .
. . -, - . - DG0. - ( ) -, - --.-. - , - . . 1- ,
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- , , , .. DG0 - (ln = DG/RT). E0, DG0, ; . . . - , - ( , .-. . - -).
- -. , - -, . : / , /- ()(I)/ /()(0), - - . ( ) -. 1984 . .
, . , . . (, l2 [1,01 105 ], MC1z []), - ( ). z+ 1. . , (Pt; Fe, FeO).
( , ) , φ0, Men+: Men+ + nē → Me
- .
Li→Rb→K→Ba→Sr→Ca→Na→Mg→Al→Mn→Zn→Cr→Fe→Cd→Co→Ni→Sn→Pb→H→Sb→Bi→Cu→Hg→Ag→Pd→Pt→Au |
[ | -]
:
, , , , : . , Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu .
, , -; ( ) .
, , - .
, , ; ; ( ) .
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|
[ | -]
φ0, | ( ): | |||
Li | Li+ | -3,0401 | ||
Cs | Cs+ | -3,026 | ||
Rb | Rb+ | -2,98 | ||
K | K+ | -2,931 | ||
Ra | Ra2+ | -2,912 | ||
Ba | Ba2+ | -2,905 | ||
Fr | Fr+ | -2,92 | ||
Sr | Sr2+ | -2,899 | ||
Ca | Ca2+ | -2,868 | ||
Eu | Eu2+ | -2,812 | ||
Na | Na+ | -2,71 | ||
Sm | Sm2+ | -2,68 | ||
Md | Md2+ | -2,40 | ||
La | La3+ | -2,379 | ||
Y | Y3+ | -2,372 | ||
Mg | Mg2+ | -2,372 | ||
Ce | Ce3+ | -2,336 | ||
Pr | Pr3+ | -2,353 | ||
Nd | Nd3+ | -2,323 | ||
Er | Er3+ | -2,331 | ||
Sm | Sm3+ | -2,304 | ||
Pm | Pm3+ | -2,30 | ||
Fm | Fm2+ | -2,30 | ||
Dy | Dy3+ | -2,295 | ||
Tb | Tb3+ | -2,28 | ||
Gd | Gd3+ | -2,279 | ||
Es | Es2+ | -2,23 | ||
Ac | Ac3+ | -2,20 | ||
Dy | Dy2+ | -2,2 | ||
Pm | Pm2+ | -2,2 | ||
Cf | Cf2+ | -2,12 | ||
Am | Am3+ | -2,048 | ||
Cm | Cm3+ | -2,04 | ||
Er | Er2+ | -2,0 | ||
Pr | Pr2+ | -2,0 | ||
Eu | Eu3+ | -1,991 | ||
Ho | Ho3+ | -2,33 | ||
Tm | Tm3+ | -2,319 | ||
Lu | Lu3+ | -2,28 | ||
Sc | Sc3+ | -2,077 | ||
Pu | Pu3+ | -2,031 | ||
Lr | Lr3+ | -1,96 | ||
Cf | Cf3+ | -1,94 | ||
Es | Es3+ | -1,91 | ||
Th | Th4+ | -1,899 | ||
Fm | Fm3+ | -1,89 | ||
Np | Np3+ | -1,856 | ||
Be | Be2+ | -1,847 | ||
U | U3+ | -1,798 | ||
Al | Al3+ | -1,700 | ||
Md | Md3+ | -1,65 | ||
Ti | Ti2+ | -1,63 | : , | |
Hf | Hf4+ | -1,55 | ||
Zr | Zr4+ | -1,53 | ||
Pa | Pa3+ | -1,34 | ||
Ti | Ti3+ | -1,208 | ||
Yb | Yb3+ | -1,205 | ||
No | No3+ | -1,20 | ||
Ti | Ti4+ | -1,19 | ||
Mn | Mn2+ | -1,185 | ||
V | V2+ | -1,175 | ||
Nb | Nb3+ | -1,1 | ||
Nb | Nb5+ | -0,96 | ||
V | V3+ | -0,87 | ||
Cr | Cr2+ | -0,852 | ||
Zn | Zn2+ | -0,763 | ||
Cr | Cr3+ | -0,74 | ||
Ga | Ga3+ | -0,560 | ||
Ga | Ga2+ | -0,45 | ||
Fe | Fe2+ | -0,441 | ||
Cd | Cd2+ | -0,404 | ||
In | In3+ | -0,3382 | ||
Tl | Tl+ | -0,338 | ||
Co | Co2+ | -0,28 | ||
In | In+ | -0,25 | ||
Ni | Ni2+ | -0,234 | ||
Mo | Mo3+ | -0,2 | ||
Sn | Sn2+ | -0,141 | ||
Pb | Pb2+ | -0,126 | ||
H2 | H+ | |||
W | W3+ | +0,11 | ||
Ge | Ge4+ | +0,124 | ||
Sb | Sb3+ | +0,240 | ||
Ge | Ge2+ | +0,24 | ||
Re | Re3+ | +0,300 | ||
Bi | Bi3+ | +0,317 | ||
Cu | Cu2+ | +0,338 | ||
Po | Po2+ | +0,37 | ||
2+ | +0,400 | |||
Ru | Ru2+ | +0,455 | ||
Cu | Cu+ | +0,522 | ||
Te | Te4+ | +0,568 | ||
Rh | Rh+ | +0,600 | ||
W | W6+ | +0,68 | ||
Tl | Tl3+ | +0,718 | ||
Rh | Rh3+ | +0,758 | ||
Po | Po4+ | +0,76 | ||
Hg | Hg22+ | +0,7973 | ||
Ag | Ag+ | +0,799 | ||
Pb | Pb4+ | +0,80 | ||
Os | Os2+ | +0,850 | ||
Hg | Hg2+ | +0,851 | ||
Pt | Pt2+ | +0,963 | ||
Pd | Pd2+ | +0,98 | ||
Ir | Ir3+ | +1,156 | ||
Au | Au3+ | +1,498 | ||
Au | Au+ | +1,691 |
27. 2.
() 500 ( ) 1 500 .
. , ( - ). - , , -. (, ), () . . , . , , , - .
|
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.
,, . | |||
, , | |||
, | |||
, , ( , ), (, ) | |||
, | , , . | ||
, , , , . | |||
, , (, , ) | |||
, , . |
28.
; (.. ) . , , -, , -, , .
, . , :
AgNO3 + KI > AgI + KNO3
(. . 4.9) , Ag+ -. , -; Ag+. ; , , , . ; . , .. ; . , , , ; .
, ( I, +) :
{[AgI]m nI (n-x)K+}x x K+
:
{[AgI]m nAg+ (n-x)NO3}x+ x NO3
. 4.9.
, , : -, (.. ) , -, . () . ; .
26. . .
58.
, . , , . , . , . . , -, . , (). : + 23 = 2 + 2 + 3?.
|
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. , ().
, .
:
1) (), ;
2) (), , , .
: = + .
-. .
:
.
( , ), Na2R, R .
() Na Mg: + Na2R = 2Na + CaR.
, Na . , . : 2Na + 2Cl + CaR = Na2R + Ca + 2Cl.
25. .
. , , , . , , :
, , .
, , . . (, , ).
. .
. (II), FeS :
Fe + SFeS |
. :
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 |
200 400 0 36% ( ) NH3 . .
.
, , . |
.