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. .

7

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.

( )


.

.

n , (x1,x2, xn) 1. :

a1x1 + a2x2 + ajxj + anxn = b, (*)

= b.

aj, j = 1,,n, b (). aj ( ), b - .

(*) (, ,, ) , (.. xj j 1 n . , n n n . , 0, (*) . b = 0, n .

m (*), .. m n . i - , i = 1,2,,m, ai1, ai2, , ain bi, ..

ai1x1 + ai2 x2 + + aij xj + + ain xn = bi.

 

m n :

 

a11x1 + a12 x2 + + a1j xj + + a1n xn = b1

a21x1 + a22 x2 + + a2j xj + + a2n xn = b2

ai1x1 + ai2 x2 + + aij xj + + ain xn = bi (1)

am1x1 + am2 x2 + + amj xj + + amn xn = bm

 

, ,

= bi, i = 1,,m.

, (1) , ..

= 0, i = 1,,m, (10)

 

- . (10) (1).

(1) (, ,, ) , (1) (.. xj , j = 1,,n) , .. = bi i = 1,,m.

(1) , . .

(1) Xb (X0, ). , Xb = .

, , (1), , , . , . , - , .

, - , .

, . , , . .

(1) , .

1. (1) k, 1 k m, , akj = 0 j,

1) bk 0, (1) ;

2) bk = 0, k - (m 1) - n , .

 

, , k

0x1 + 0 x2 + + 0 xj + + 0 xn = bk.

 

2. (1) , , , .

. , , (1) . (1), , , ,

= b1 + b2.

, - (, ,, ) (1), (1). , (x1,x2,,xj, ,xn) (1) (1), (1) (1) , (1) (1), (- ).

 

.

2. (1) , , (1) .

 

2 2 , (1), :

) ( ) (1) , ;

) ( ) , .

) ) (1).

(1) , , , .

(1) :

 

x1 x2   xj   xn b
a11 a12 a1j a1n b1
a21 a22 a2j a2n b2
ai1 ai2 aij ain bi
am1 am2 amj amn bm

 

(2)

 

 

, aij (1), (1) A ( m n ), b. , aij b (1), (1) ( m (n+1) ), . = (A, b). i , i - (1), i = 1,, m. j A xj, (1).

aij . aij i - j - . , aij i - j - . () ( ) , , () ().

(1) (2):

) ( ) (2) , ,

) ( ) () , .

, , ( , ), , ( , ) . , .

(2) (1) , . .

( - )

, , ( , - ) . .

, , . , . , , . , .

- ( ). - , (1). , . .

(1). , n, m, aij, bi, i = 1,,m; j = 1,,n. .

I(0) (2) (2). , , . ( ai0j0. i0 , j0- .) . , .

k = 1, 2,. - .

I (2), () , , . , , . (, , , .. 1 I(0), () ai0j0 i0 , j0- .)

( k) .

1. (.. , ) 1 (.. , ), , . .

2. I(k), (k - ), , - , .

3. , I(k) () . , , .

, , () , . I(k), .. 1 3 I(k). I(k+1).

, .

. r , I(r), A(r) b(r), , .. . , , .. r min{m,n}.

? ? , r A(r) , (1),

) A(r) , .. , ,

) A(r), .

.

) r = m, m n. (.. ), I(r)

 

 

x1 x2   xr xr+1   xn b
      a(r)1,r+1 a(r)1n b(r)1
      a(r)2,r+1 a(r)2n b(r)2
      a(r)i,r+1 a(r)in b(r)i
      a(r)m,r+1 a(r)mn b(r)m

 

(3)

 

 

, (3) i, r, . (3)

x1 + = b(r)1,

x2 + = b(r)2,

, (4)

xr + = b(r)r,

 

i, r, xr+1, ,xn, a(r)ij, j = r+1,,n, b(r)i, (3). xr+1, ,xn , .. . , (3), , , (4), , , (1)

xi = b(r)i - a(r)ijxj, i = 1,,r = m; xj j = (r+1),,n. (5)

(1)

Xb = {x=(x1, ,xn): xi = b(r)i - a(r)ijxj i = 1,, r = m; xj j =(r+1),,n.}.

) r < m, k, k > r, (, , )) , a(r)kj = 0 j. , b(r)k 0, k - , , , , .. (1) .

b(r)k 0, k - . , , (1) r n , r (3), . , ) (5).

 

. ( ) , ( ).

, () , , , - .

 

.

1) - , , . - r . . r , .. . r min{m,n},m - , n - . r < n, ( n r) .

2) , . .

3) (1) - , , - , , - , .

4) (1) , , , , .

5) . , , , . . , .

 

.

I.

2 x1 3 x2 + 3 x3 + 5 x4 = -1,

3 x1 + 4 x2 - 2 x3 + 6 x4 = 2, (6)

5 x1 4 x2 + 6 x3 + 10 x4 = 2

( - ).

. (6) - I(0).

 

  x1 x2 x3 x4 b
I(0)   -3     -1
      -2    
    -4      

 

(0.1)

(0.2)

(0.3)

 

I(0) (6), ( , (6), (0.1)), - (6) ( (0.2)), - (6) ( (0.3)).

(6) x1, - (6) x2, I(0). (b) ( ) (6).

() . 2, 1- . , - . .

. I(0), 2, , , - .

1. I(0) I(1), 1 . I(0).

, , 3, . (0.2) () (0.1), 3/2. (0.2)

  17/2 - 13/2 - 3/2 7/2

 

2 , ( 2) I(1)

 

    -13 -3  

(1.2)

 

, I(0) (6), (6) , (0.1), (1.2) (0.3). , I(0) ( I(1)), ( ) 3 0.

I(0) , 5 0. (0.3) () (0.1), 5/2.

 

    -3 -5  

(1.3)

 

I(0) () . (0.1) (.. - 2) (.. (1.1)) I(1).

 

  -3/2 3/2 5/2 -1/2

(1.1)

 

I(1) ( , )

 

  x1 x2 x3 x4 b
I(0)   -3     -1
      -2    
    -4      
I(1) 1 -3/2 3/2 5/2 -1/2
  0 17 -13 -3 7
  0 7 -3 -5 9

 

(0.1)

(0.2)

(0.3)

(1.1)

(1.2)

(1.3)

 

 

I(1), , . , , . , .

I(1) (-3), 3- 3 . , - .

() , , :

1. () , , () . I(0), - I(1).

2. ( ( ), - , . (), - .

3. I(1) , (6), I(0), .. , I(0), (6).

4. .

5. I(1) 2 , .. , , .

 

2. I(1) I(2), () . I(1).

, () , .

3/2 I(1). (1.3) 1/2 (1.1). (2.1) I(2).

 

         

(2.1)

 

I(1) , (-13) 0. (1.2) () (1.3), 13/3.

 

  -40/3   56/3 -32

 

3/8 I(2)

 

  -5     -12

(2.2)

 

I(1) () . (1.3) (.. - -3) (.. (2.3)) I(2).

 

  -7/3   5/3 -3

(2.3)

I(2) ( , )

 

  x1 x2 x3 x4 b
I(0)   -3     -1
      -2    
    -4      
I(1)   -3/2 3/2 5/2 -1/2
      -13 -3  
      -3 -5  
I(2)   2 0 0 4
  0 -5 0   -12
  0 -7/3   5/3 -3

 

(0.1)

(0.2)

(0.3)

(1.1)

(1.2)

(1.3)

(2.1)

(2.2)

(2.3)

 

 

I(2), , , , . , . I(2) (7), 4 - 2 . , - .

 

3. () I(3). I(2).

0 . (2.1), , I(3) (3.1). 5/3 I(2). (2.2) 5/21 (2.3). (3.3) I(3):

 

  -8/7     -1/7

(3.3)

 

(2.2) (.. - 7)

 

  -5/7     -12/7

(3.2)

 

(.. (3.2)) I(3).

I(3) ( , )

 

  x1 x2 x3 x4 b
I(0)   -3     -1
      -2    
    -4      
I(1)   -3/2 3/2 5/2 -1/2
      -13 -3  
      -3 -5  
I(2)          
    -5     -12
    -7/3   5/3 -3
I(3)   2 0 0 4
  0 -5/7 0   -12/7
  0 -8/7   0 -1/7

 

(0.1)

(0.2)

(0.3)

(1.1)

(1.2)

(3.3)

(2.1)

(2.2)

(2.3)

(3.1)

(3.2)

(3.3)

 

 

, I(3) , , . I(3) , .. , . , I(3) ( ) (). .

. I(3) , . ( x1, x3, x4) , ( x2) - .

, I(3).

x1 + 2 x2 = 4

(-5/7) x2 + x4 =-12/7 (7)

(-8/7) x2 + x3 = - 1/7.

(7) (6), .. . . , ,

x1 = 4 - 2 x2, x3 = -1/7 + (8/7) x2, x4 = -12/7 + (5/7) x2, x2 - . (8)

x = (x1, x2, x3, x4), (8), (7), , (6). Xb = { x = (x1, x2, x3, x4): x1 = 4 - 2x2, x3 = -1/7 + (8/7)x2, x4 = -12/7 + (5/7 x2, x2 }.

, (8) (6). , x2 = 0, (4, 0, - 1/7, - 12/7). (8) (6) ( ) .

 

, , . , . , , ( ).

2. ,

2 x1 3 x2 + 3 x3 + 5 x4 = -1,

3 x1 + 4 x2 - 2 x3 + 6 x4 = 2, (9)

4 x1 + 6 x2 - 6 x3 - 10 x4 = 3

2 x1 3 x2 + 3 x3 + 5 x4 = -1,

3 x1 + 4 x2 - 2 x3 + 6 x4 = 2, (10)

4 x1 + 6 x2 - 6 x3 - 10 x4 = 2.

 

 

, 1.

. I(0), b(9) b(10) ( , ).

 

  x1 x2 x3 x4 b(9) b(10)
I(0)   -3     -1 -1
      -2      
  -4   -6 -10    

 

(0.1)

(0.2)

(0.3)

 

, 1, 2, 1- 1 - . , - . .

. I(0), 2, , , - .

1. I(1), 1 . I(0). , I(1) 1. , 0 (-4) , (0.1) 2 () (0.3). I(1) ( , )

 

  x1 x2 x3 x4 B(9) b(10)
I(0)   -3     -1 -1
      -2      
  -4   -6 -10    
I(1)   -3/2 3/2 5/2 -1/2 -1/2
  0 17 -13 -3 7 7
  0 0 0 0 1 0

 

(0.1)

(0.2)

(0.3)

(1.1)

(1.2)

(1.3)

 

I(1) , (9), - , (10). (9)

0 x1 + 0 x2 + 0 x3 + 0 x4 = 1,

(9).

(10)

0 x1 + 0 x2 + 0 x3 + 0 x4 = 0.

, , (10) 2 4 , (1.1), (1.2) I(1). (10), I(1)

 

I(1)   -3/2 3/2 5/2 -1/2
  0 17 -13 -3 7

(1.1)

(1.2)

 

 

  x1 x2 x3 x4 b
I(0)   -3     -1
      -2    
  -4   -6 -10  
I(1)   -3/2 3/2 5/2 -1/2
  0 17 -13 -3 7

 

(0.1)

(0.2)

(0.3)

(1.1)

(1.2)

 

 

I(1) , , , . I(1) (-3), 4 - 2 . , - .

 

2. I(1) I(2), () . I(1) , 5/2 0. (1.1) () (1.2), (-5/6).

 

  38/3 -28/3   16/3

(2.1)

 

(1.2) (.. - (-3)) (.. (2.2)) I(2).

 

I(2) ( , )

 

  x1 x2 x3 x4 b
I(0)   -3     -1
      -2    
  -4   -6 -10  
I(1)   -3/2 3/2 5/2 -1/2
      -13 -3  
I(2) 1 38/3 -28/3 0 16/3
  0 -17/3 13/3 1 -7/3

 

(0.1)

(0.2)

(0.3)

(1.1)

(1.2)

(2.1)

(2.2)

 

, I(2) . .

. , , I(2), , , (10) . x1 x4 , x2 x3 . , I(2).

x1 + (38/3) x2 - (28/3) x3= 16/3

x4 - (17/3) x2 + (13/3) x3 = - 7/3 (11)

 

(11) . , .. . , (11) , , (10) Xb,

Xb = { x = (x1, x2, x3, x4): x1 = 16/3 - (38/3) x2 + (28/3) x3, x4 = - 7/3 + (17/3) x2

- (13/3) x3, x2 x3 .}

 

1 2 . , .

1) r. , .

2) , r, (n r). .

3) , . (n = r), .



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