, , .
KNO3 NaCl. :
KNO3 + NaCl = KCl + NaNO3.
, , , , :
K+ + NO 3- + Na+ + Cl- = K+ + Cl- + Na+ + NO 3-.
( ) , .
, :
1. . , KNO3 AgNO3, :
AgNO3 + NaCl = AgCl↓ + NaNO3 ;
AgCl , :
Ag+ + NO 3- + Na+ + Cl- = AgCl↓ + Na+ + NO 3- - .
:
Ag+ + Cl- = AgCl↓.
2. . , NaOH HCl:
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O.
, .
Na+ + OH- + H+ + Cl- = Na+ + Cl- + H2O .
OH- + H+ = H2O .
, -.
3. . :
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2↑ - ;
2Na+ + CO32- + 2H+ + SO 42- = 2Na+ + SO 42- + H2O + CO2↑ - ;
CO32- + 2H+ = H2O + CO2↑ - .
, , . 108 . - . :
2H2O ↔ H3O+ + OH- ,
H3O+ - .
:
H2O ↔ H+ + OH- .
, .. . 220:
|
|
, (1)
[H+] [OH-] -/ -, [H2O] /. , , , 1 :
. (2)
(1) :
, (3)
[H+] [OH-] = (1,8 10-16) 55,56 = 10-14 -2/2.
- , , . . : 2 = [H+][OH-] = 10-14 -2/2.
[H+] = [OH-] = 10-7 -/. [H+] > [OH-], [H+] < [OH-]. - 10-14 -2/2. , , (, ) .
1.2.
, , . = - lg [H+].
= -lg 10 -7 = 7;
- < 7;
- >7.
= - lg [H-].
+ = 14.
, , . - , . , (. 1).
1
< 7 | = 7 | > 7 | |
, , 0,01 .
1. , - 1∙10-9 /.
. + = 14 , = 14 . = - lg [H-], = 14 (-lg 10-9) = 5.