.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





, , .

KNO3 NaCl. :

KNO3 + NaCl = KCl + NaNO3.

, , , , :

K+ + NO 3- + Na+ + Cl- = K+ + Cl- + Na+ + NO 3-.

( ) , .

, :

1. . , KNO3 AgNO3, :

AgNO3 + NaCl = AgCl↓ + NaNO3 ;

AgCl , :

Ag+ + NO 3- + Na+ + Cl- = AgCl↓ + Na+ + NO 3- - .

:

Ag+ + Cl- = AgCl↓.

2. . , NaOH HCl:

NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O.

, .

Na+ + OH- + H+ + Cl- = Na+ + Cl- + H2O .

OH- + H+ = H2O .

, -.

3. . :

Na2CO3 + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2↑ - ;

2Na+ + CO32- + 2H+ + SO 42- = 2Na+ + SO 42- + H2O + CO2↑ - ;

CO32- + 2H+ = H2O + CO2↑ - .

, , . 108 . - . :

2H2O ↔ H3O+ + OH- ,

H3O+ - .

:

H2O ↔ H+ + OH- .

, .. . 220:

, (1)

[H+] [OH-] -/ -, [H2O] /. , , , 1 :

. (2)

(1) :

, (3)

[H+] [OH-] = (1,8 10-16) 55,56 = 10-14 -2/2.

- , , . . : 2 = [H+][OH-] = 10-14 -2/2.

[H+] = [OH-] = 10-7 -/. [H+] > [OH-], [H+] < [OH-]. - 10-14 -2/2. , , (, ) .

1.2.

, , . = - lg [H+].

= -lg 10 -7 = 7;

- < 7;

- >7.

= - lg [H-].

+ = 14.

, , . - , . , (. 1).

1

< 7 = 7 > 7

, , 0,01 .

1. , - 1∙10-9 /.

. + = 14 , = 14 . = - lg [H-], = 14 (-lg 10-9) = 5.





:


: 2016-11-12; !; : 363 |


:

:

.
==> ...

1951 - | 1827 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.01 .