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. , , . . . () , . , , (. 15).
. 15 , . ak. k , (), , ( ). , .
.15. . 16.
, , , .
. . 15 . , , . , . , k . , , . k1). , .
, , , . , ( ). , , X Y, , 100%. . , , . 16 Y. , , 20% Y 80% X.
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, : , .
, . . 17 bSb. : (327) (631). , , (). , , BE , . , , . : , , . . , ( ). PbSb 13% Sb 87% b; 246.
. , 40% Sb 60% b ( k . 17). 395 ( l) . , . . : l () m ( ). ; , , . , , . , - . , , , , , , . , (), . .
.17.
, ( ), , , , . , . , , 246 .
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. 17 ( BE) , , , . , , , .
.18.
, , . , , ( ). , . , . , , , . , . . , , . , , , , , BE .
, I . 17 , II III , IV V ( IV) ( V).
, . , , . , , 5% Sb 95% b 270 . (. 18). . b . , 270 ( b) , ( 10% Sb 90% b).
. . 19 Agu, , , . ( ) ( ) , , , (, , ).
.19. Agu
, . d (. 19). t1 ( ) . , ( ). , , , . , . , , , . : , . t2, ( r).
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, I (. 19) , II , III . : , , (, ).
, , . . , . , . , . , , . , , s, , , , .
. , X Y, : X Y Y X. ; PbSn, . 20. , I , II , III .
, , , .
.20. PbSn
, ( d . 20). t1 ( ) . ; , , . , , , : , AD. t2 ( r) . , t2 , , (. ).
ADF . , 183,3 . t3 ( s) . : , s, , q. . . DF; CG .
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, ( f). ( g) ; h. , : , AD. , , , ; D, . , , .
183,3 . . DF, CG.
, . .
, IV V ( IV) ( V), VI VII ( VI) ( VII).
, . ; (, ) . , , AuZn, Au3Zn5, AuZn3; Na4Sn, NaSn, NaSn2.
. 21 MgPb. , : Mg2Pb, .
.21. , .
. ( ) Mg2Pb. . 1 E2. 1 Mg Mg2Pb, 2 b Mg2Pb.
, . , , .
, . , , , . 1 , 2 12 Mg2Pb. , , 40% (60% Mg), . 460, , Mg2Pb.
, 75% , Mg2Pb. , 460 . 2 ( 250 ) 80% b.
, I , . 21 , IIV ( II Mg, . III IV Mg2Pb, V ), VI IX (Mg + 1 (VI), Mg2Pb + 1 (VII), Mg2Pb + 2 (VIII), Pb + E2 (IX)).
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, . . , , . , .
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. , , , , . , , Fe .
1. , . . / . . ; . . . . - . 30-, .. - .: -, 2006. - 727 .
2. , . . : . . / . . , . . . , . . . - . .. - .: -, 2006. - 240 .
3. : . ./ ., . , . , .. - .: , 1999. 271.
4. , .. : . / .. . . 5 , .. .: . ., 2002. 559.
1
25
AgBr | 6,3∙10-13 |
Ag2CO3 | 6,15∙10-12 |
AgCl | 1,56∙10-10 |
AgI | 1,5∙10-16 |
Ag3PO4 (20oC) | 1,8∙10-18 |
Ag2S | 5,7∙10-51 |
Ag2SO4 | 7,7∙10-5 |
Al(OH)3 | 1,9∙10-33 |
BaCO3 | 7∙10-9 |
BaCrO4 | 2,3∙10-10 |
BaSO4 | 1,08∙10-10 |
CaCO3 | 4,8∙10-9 |
Ca3(PO4)3 | 1∙10-25 |
CaSO4 | 6,10∙10-5 |
CdCO3 | 2,5∙10-14 |
CuCO3 | 2,36∙10-10 |
Cu(OH)2 | 5,6∙10-20 |
CuS | 4, ∙10-38 |
Fe(OH)3 (18oC) | 3,8∙10-38 |
FeS | 3,7∙10-19 |
Mg(OH)2 | 5,5∙10-12 |
MgS | 2,0∙10-15 |
MnCO3 | 5,05∙10-10 |
MnS (18oC) | 5,6∙10-16 |
PbCO3 | 1,5∙10-13 |
PbCl2 | 1,7∙10-5 |
PbS (18 oC) | 1,1∙10-29 |
PbSO4 | 1,8∙10-8 |
SrCO3 | 9,42∙10-10 |
SrSO4 | 2,8∙10-7 |
ZnCO3 | 6∙10-11 |
Zn(OH)2 (20oC) | 4∙10-16 |
2
, ( t 25oC).
φ o, | |||
Li+ | Li | 3,045 | |
Rb+ | Rb | -2,925 | |
K+ | K | -2,925, | |
Cs+ | Cs | -2,923 | |
Ba2+ | Ba | -2,900 | |
Sr2+ | Sr | -2,890 | |
Ca2+ | Ca | -2,870 | |
Na+ | Na | -2,714 | |
La3+ | La | -2,522 | |
Mg2+ | Mg | -2,370 | |
AlO2- + 2H2O | Al + 4OH- | -2,350 | |
Be2+ | Be | -1,847 | |
Al3+ | Al | -1,662 | |
ZnO22-+2H2O | Zn +4OH- | -1,216 | |
Mn2+ | Mn | -1,180 | |
SO42-+ H2O | SO32-+ 2OH- | -0,930 | |
2H2O | H2 + 2OH- | -0,828 | |
Zn2+ | Zn | -0,763 | |
Cr3+ | Cr | -0,744 | |
Fe2+ | Fe | -0,440 | |
Cd2+ | Cd | -0,403 | |
Ti3+ | Ti2+ | -0,370 | |
PbSO4 | Pb+(SO4)2- | -0,356 | |
In3+ | In | -0,343 | |
Ti+ | Ti | -0,336 | |
CO2+ | Co | -0,277 | |
Ni2+ | Ni | -0,250 | |
Sn2+ | Sn | -0,136 | |
(CrO4)2-+4H2O | Cr(OH)3+5OH- | -0,130 | |
Pb2+ | Pb | -0,126 | |
Fe3+ | Fe | -0,036 | |
2H+ | H2 | 0,000 | |
(NO3)-+H2O | (NO2)-+2OH- | +0,010 | |
S + 2H+ | H2S | +0,141 | |
Sn4+ | Sn2+ | +0,150 | |
Cu2+ | Cu+ | +0,153 | |
(SO4)2-+ 4H+ | H2SO3+H2O | +0,170 | |
AgCl | Ag+Cl- | +0,222 | |
2(SO4)2-+ 10H+ | (S2O3)2-+ 5H2O | +0,290 | |
(ClO3)- + H2O | (ClO2)-+2OH- | +0,330 | |
Cu2+ | Cu | +0,337 | |
[Fe(CN)6]3- | [Fe(CN)6]4- | +0,360 | |
(SO4)2- +8H+ | S+ 4H2O | +0,360 | |
(ClO4)-+ H2O | (ClO3)-+ 2OH- | +0,360 | |
O2 +2 H2O | 4OH- | +0,401 | |
H2SO3 +4H+ | S+3H2O | +0,450 | |
Cu+ | Cu | +0,521 | |
I2 | 2I- | +0,536 | |
H3AsO4 +2H+ | HAsO2+2H2O | +0,559 | |
(MnO4)- | (MnO4)2- | +0,564 | |
(MnO4)-+ 2H2O | MnO2+4OH- | +0,588 | |
(MnO4)-+ 2H2O | MnO2+4OH- | +0,600 | |
(ClO2)-+ H2O | (ClO)-+2OH- | +0,660 | |
O2+2H+ | H2O2 | +0,682 | |
(BrO)-+ H2O | Br -+2OH- | +0,760 | |
Fe3+ | Fe2+ | +0,771 | |
(NO3)-+2H+ | NO2+ H2O | +0,790 | |
Hg22+ | 2Hg | +0,798 | |
Ag+ | Ag | +0,799 | |
O2+4H+(10-7) | 2H2O | +0,815 | |
Hg2+ | Hg | +0,854 | |
(ClO)-+ H2O | Cl-+2OH- | +0,890 | |
(NO3)- + 3H+ | HNO2+ H2O | +0,940 | |
(NO3)- + 4H+ | NO+ 2H2O | +0,960 | |
HNO2+H+ | NO+ H2O | +1,000 | |
Br2 | 2Br | +1,065 | |
(IO3)-+6H+ | I -+3H2O | +1,090 | |
2(IO3)-+12H+ | I2 -+6H2O | +1,195 | |
(ClO4)-+2H+ | (ClO3)-+ H2O | +1,190 | |
O2+4H+ | 2H2O | +1,229 | |
MnO2+4H+ | Mn2++2H2O | +1,230 | |
Tl3+ | Tl | +1,125 | |
HBrO+H+ | Br - + H2O | +1,330 | |
(Cr2O7)2-+14H+ | 2Cr3++7 H2O | +1,330 | |
Cl2 | 2Cl- | +1,359 | |
(BrO3)-+6H+ | Br - + 3H2O | +1,440 | |
(ClO3)-+6H+ | Cl-+3H2O | +1,450 | |
PbO2+4H+ | Pb2++3H2O | +1,456 | |
2(ClO3)-+12H+ | Cl2 + 6H2O | +1,470 | |
Au3+ | Au | +1,500 | |
(MnO4)-+ 8H+ | Mn2+ + 4H2O | +1,510 | |
2(BrO3)-+ 12H+ | Br2 + 6H2O | +1,520 | |
PbO2+4H++SO42- | PbSO4 + 2H2O | +1,685 | |
(MnO4)-+ 4H+ | MnO2+2H2O | +1,695 | |
H2O2+2H+ | 2H2O | +1,776 | |
CO3+ | Co2- | +1,810 | |
F2 | 2F- | +2,870 |
3