.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





, . , , , .. .

. , , , ..

(, ) (, ). , , , .

: , , , , . , . U, H, S, G .

4.1.1. .

. , , . (+), (), :

H2() + l2() = 2Hl() + 183,6

1/2H2 ()+ 1/2l2()= HCl () + 91,8 ∙-1

N2 ()+ 2()= 2N() 180,4

1/2N2 ()+ 2()= N() 90,2 ∙-1

, (-), - (+).

, 1 ; , 1 ; - , 1 .

- , ΔU

2 0. (298 ) 1,013∙105 . , .

.

(U) , . , U , , , ..

c Q, U1 , , (), .. U2 =U1 +Q-A ΔU =Q-A, ΔU= U2 -U1.

, .. , , : ΔU =Qv. V . ΔU, , Qv , .

, , ΔV, , ΔV. - , =U+pΔV. Δ = ΔU+pΔV.

Δ Δ0298. Δ , .

(=ΔV), ΔU= Δ pΔV ΔU= Δ A, ΔU=Q A, Δ=Qp ( p ). Δ , Qp.

, .. , ΔV . pΔV=0, , Δ=ΔV. : Qv =Q.

= const V= const .

(1840): , , .

2: Δ=Δ12,

Δ 2

 
 


 

Δ1 Δ2

 

.. . , .

: :

Δ0298()=∑ Δ0298(.) -∑Δ0298(.).

(2, l2 .) . . ,

2()+ r2() → 2Hr() Δ0298=2(-36,3)- (0+0)= -72,6 ,

.. r .

, . , , .. 2. 2 CO 2:

+ 22 Δ =-393,5 /

+ 1/22→ C2 Δ1 =-283,0 /

+ 1/22→ Δ2 =?

, Δ= Δ12, Δ2 = Δ - Δ1 = - 393,5 (-283,0) = -110,5 /.

: .

(, , ) , . S. ΔS , 1 2,

R- .

, , , . ( ) ( ). , .

, . , , 2 1, .. , . ΔS - , .. S .

, .. . , , , .

, , , 25 0 (298 ) 1 . S0298 .

. ,

+bB+= dD++

ΔS= (dSD + eSE+)-(aSA + bSB+...) ΔS= ∑S. - ∑S.

. , ½ ()+½ 2()=() ΔV>0; , ΔS> 0 (ΔS0298=87,7 /∙). 3N 3/2 2 ()+1/2 N2 ()= H3N() , ΔV<0; , ΔS<0 (ΔS0298=99,1/∙).

, ,

l()+Sb()=lSb(), (ΔS0298=4,03/∙). , , , ()+ 2 ()= 2 (), ΔS=2,9/∙.

4.1.3.

: (-∆H) , , S.

∆H , . ∆G=∆H-T∆S. G , T=const p=const.

, : ∆P=∆U-T∆S. , ∆G ∆P , ∆H ∆U , p∆V.

∆G . ∆G<0, .. , . ∆G>0, .. , . ∆G=0, .

∆S , , T∆S G : ) , .. ; ) ∆, , ∆<T∆S, .. , , .

∆S ∆G=∆H-T∆S T∆S , (+∆) , ∆G . (-∆) , ∆, .. , -∆+(-∆S) .

∆S , , . , ∆G ∆.

, ∆G. ∆ S , , ∆G ∆Go298=∆H o298-T∆S o298 [3].

1. .

, 100 25, , :

∆H o298, CaO() = -635,1 ∙-1;

∆H o298, H2O() = -285,84 ∙-1;

∆H o298, Ca(O)2() = -986,2 ∙-1.

. : ()+2()=()2(). :

=

=-986,2-(-635,1)-(-285,84) = 65,26 ∙-1

, 1 65,26, 1 65260 . () = 56∙-1=56∙-1; m() = 100;

100 100/56∙65260=116536.

2. .

()2 :

3→+2+∆1; +2→()2+∆2.

. ∆ ∆12, ∆=∆1+∆2;

1=∆+∆(2)-∆3 = +177,83 ∙-1;

2=∆()2-∆-∆2 = -65,2 ∙-1;

∆= +177,83 65,2 = +113,61 ∙-1.

3. : 2S() + 3/2O2=2() + S2()

1)S() + 2 = 2S(); ∆1= -20,17

2)2 + 1/2 O2 = H2O(); ∆2= -286,0

3)S() + 2 = S2(); ∆3= -297

. 1-3 1 2S(), 2(), S2() : =298 =101,325 , ∆H o298. 2 3 1,

2S() + 3/2 O2 = H2O() + SO2() ∆=∆1+∆2-∆3

2S() , 2(), SO2(), ∆= -286 -297 (-20,17) = = -562,8 . , .

.

2S() + 3/22 = 2() + SO2() + 562,8 . .

4. . Na2O+SiO2=Na2SiO3 298.

. =298, S o298, Na2O()=42,09∙-1-1:

S o298, SiO2 () = 71,1∙-1-1;

S o298, Na2SiO3 ()=113,8∙-1-1. .

So298 .. = So298, Na2SiO3() So298, SiO2 () - So298, Na2O() = 113,8-71,1-42,09=0,61 ∙-1-1

5. . 1 1986, 744,05 ∙r-1.

. : , ∆- .

S2-S1=∆S= = = 0,238∙-1-1.

6. 2SO2()+2()↔2SO3(). ?

, SO2() = -300,37 ∙-1;

, SO3() = -370,37 ∙-1

.

, SO3.

1. (V) 13 . 111,4 . .

. , , , . , , Qp, ∆. ∆ , . : , , . , .

, ∆ < 0. , :

15() + 2() = l 3() + 21(); ∆ = -111,4

3

()

- , / - , /
22 S2 N 66 24 2S N3 4 26 l +226,75 +115,28 +90,37 +82,93 +52,28 -20,15 -46,19 -74,85 -84,62 -92,31 3 25 2 2 N4l 2 F23 i2 ()2 l23 -110,52 -201,17 -235,31 -241,83 -285,84 -315,39 -393,51 -822,10 -943,90 -986,50 -1669,80

2. 26() + 3 ½ 2 = 2 2() + 3 2(); = -1559,87 .

, 2() 2() (. . 5).

. () 1 , . , .. 25 (298 ) 1,013∙105. , ∆. , ,

2 () + 2() - 26(); ∆=?

:

) 26() + 3'/22() = 22() + 2(); ∆= -1559,87 ;

) () + 2() = 2(); ∆ = -393,51 ;

) 2() + ½ O2 = 2(); ∆ = - 285,84 .

, . () 2, () 3, ():

26 + 3722 - 2C - 22-2 -3/22 = 22 + 2 -22 - 2

∆ = -1559,87 -2(-393,51)-3(-285,84) = +84,67 ;

∆ = -1559,87 + 787,02 + 857,52; 26 = 2 + 2; ∆= + 84,67 .

, ∆ () = -84,67 . , :

= 2∆2 + ∆2 - ∆26 - 3 ½ ∆2

, ∆26 = 2∆ + ∆ - ∆

26 = 2(-393,51) + 3(-285,84) + 1559,87 = -84,67;

() = -84,67

3.

25() + 2() = 22() + 2(); ∆=?

, , 25() +42,36 , 25(), 2(), 2() . . 5.

. ∆ 25(). :

25() = 25(); ∆= +42,36 +42,36=-235,31-∆25 ();

25 () = -235,31 - 42,36 = -277,67 .

, :

= 2(-393,51) + 3(-285,84) + 277,67 = -1366,87 .

4. 1 : ?

. . (, ) , . 1 1 ; . - , 1 1 .

5. 4() + 2 2() + 22()

. ∆G0298 . ∆G0298 4. , ∆G ∆G , , , ∆G0298 : ∆G0298 = 2(-137,27) + 2(0) - (-50,79 - 394,38) = + 170,63 .

∆G0298 > 0, = 298 , 1,013 ∙105 (760 . . = 1 ).

4

 

, / /
S4 -1138,8 FeO -244,3
3 -1128,75 H2O -237,19
F34 -1014,2 H2O -228,59
3 -944,75 PbO2 -219,0
-604,2 CO -137,27
-581,61 CH4 -50,79
NF -541,0 NO2 +51,84
-528,4 NO +86,69
2 -394,38 C2H2 +209,20
NaCl -384,03      
ZnO -318,2      

 

 

5

 

/ (∙) /(∙)
2.44 H2O 188,72
5.69 N2 191,49
Fe 27.2 NH3 192,50
Ti 30.7 CO 197,91
S 31.9 C2H2 200,82
TiO2 50.3 O2 205,03
FeO 54.0 H2S 205,64
H2O 69.94 NO 210,20
Fe2O3 89.96 CO2 213,65
NH4Cl 94.5 C2H4 219,45
CH3OH 126.8 Cl2 222,95
H2 130.59 NO2 240,46
Fe3O4 146.4 PCl3 311,66
CH4 186.19 PCl5 352,71
HCl 186.69      

6. (. . 3) (. 5) ∆S0298 , () + 2() = 2() + 2()

. ∆G0 = ∆ - ∆S0; ∆S ,

0.. = (-393,51+0) (-110,52-285,84) = +2,85

∆S 0.. =(213.65 + 130.59) (197.91 + 69.94) = +79.39 = 0.07639/(∙)

∆G0 = +2,85 298 ∙ 0,07639 = - 19,91 .

7. Fe2O3 Fe2O3()+ 3H2() = 2Fe() + 2(); ∆= +96,61

, ∆S = 0,1387 /(∙)? Fe23?

. ∆G0 : ∆G =∆H-T∆S = 96,61 -298 ∙ 0,1387 = +55,28 .

∆G > 0, ; , (). , ∆G =0:

∆ = ∆S;

, ≈ 696,5 Fe2O3. .

8. ∆Ͱ, ∆S ∆G0 , Fe2O3() + = 2Fe + . Fe2O3 500 1000 ?

.0.. ∆S 0.. (1) (2):

= [3(-110.52)+2∙0]-[-822.10+3∙0]

∆G500= 490,54 -500 = +219,99

∆G1000 = 490,54 - 1000 = -50.56

∆G500 >0, ∆G1000 <0, Fe2O3 1000 500.





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