DSM distributed shared memory
PGAS program global address space
RDMA remote direct memory access
ACID atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability
1.
, .. : , , . , , .. () . , : , ; , . , , ( ) . , .
, , .
, : , ; ( ) , (, ); ( ).
, : . , . [emrath] :
1. (. internally determinate) , , , .. , ;
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2. (. externally determinate) , , . , . , ;
3. (. associatively non-determinate) , . , .. - ;
4. (. completely non-determinate) , , . , , , .
[netzer]:
1. (. general races) , , , , .. ;
2. (. data races) () () , , .
, , . , ( ), , [netzer]: ; .
- , . , . , ( , ) . , / (. snapshot) [afek] . (. inconsistent read). , 1/(y−x) , y x. , y x, , .. (. . 1.1).
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. 1.1. : ) p1 y, z S1; ) p1 x S2, p2 p1
, , (. interleaving) , .
, P I1, I2 : I1 ‖ I2 , [kuck]. , , (.. ) I1 I2. .