, , ( ). , , . , , (. 7.2).
( ) ( ) . , (. ). . , u1 , u2 , u3 (. . 7.2).
u , , . u , . . , (. 7.2).
7.2
(u1 < u2 < u3 < u4)
, /,
u = , (7.1)
t , ;
t* , ;
τ * , .
7.3
, , . .
40 : u1 = 1,5 /; u2 = 15 /.
[8]. , . ( ) ( ), .
,
t = 3 + 40 = 780 + 40 = 820 , (7.2)
3 40, [8].
:
|
|
t = t (uit), (7.3)
t , ;
ui (u1 u2), /;
t , .
.
u1 = 1,5 /:
τ1 = 10 , t1 = 820 1,5·10 = 805
τ2 = 20 , t2 = 820 1,5·20 = 790
τ3 = 40 , t3 = 820 1,5·40 = 760
τ4 = 60 , t4 = 820 1,5·60 = 730
τ5 = 80 , t5 = 820 1,5·80 = 700
τ6 = 100 , t6 = 820 1,5·100 = 670
τ7 = 150 , t7 = 820 1,5·150 = 595
u2 = 15 /:
τ1 = 2 , t1 = 820 15·2 = 790
τ2 = 6 , t2 = 820 15·6 = 730
τ3 = 10 , t3 = 820 15·10 = 670
τ4 = 15 , t4 = 820 15·15 = 595
τ5 = 20 , t5 = 820 15·20 = 520
τ6 = 30 , t6 = 820 15·30 = 370
τ7 = 40 , t7 = 820 15·40 = 220
t , ( 7.3).
40 . .
7.3 40 u1 u2
u1 = 1,5 / 740 ( ) . 680 ( ). 680 . 640 ( ). : + ( 7.4).
7.4
u1
u2 = 15 / 690 ( 1) , 640 ( 2). 640 ( ). 350 ( 3), . . u2 : + + + ( ). ( 7.5) .
7.5
u2
40 .
, 40 (. 7.3):
|
|
u , (7.4)
t* τ* .
7.1 , .
7.1
, / | , / | ||||||
u1 | u2 | u1 | u2 | ||||
1,0 | 352 | 2,0 | |||||
35 | 1,0 | ||||||
65 | 405 | 4,0 | |||||
8 | 5,0 | 123 | |||||
40 | 7,0 | 703 | 5,0 | ||||
55 | 3,5 | 35 | |||||
552 | 7,0 | 50 | 3,0 | ||||
455 | 6,0 | ||||||
13,5 | 15 | 2,0 | |||||
1223 | 1,5 | ||||||
403 | 123 | 5,0 | |||||
38 | 5,0 | 18 | |||||
602 | 2022 | 0,5 | |||||
453 | 1,5 | 10 | |||||
20 | 6,0 | 122 |
8 4
8.1
, .
8.2
. . , . , . . . . , , . , . .
, . (. . ) : , .
. , .
, . () - . . , , . .
. , , , , . . , . , , . .
|
|
. , . . , .
, . , , , , . , (. . ).
8.3
, , , , , , .
:
1. , , , (, , , , ), :
: , , , ;
: , ;
: .
, 1.
2. ( , ).
3. ( ):
;
;
, .
4. (, , ) , .
4.1. :
, ;
, ;
, .
4.2. (), :
, ;
, ;
;
.
4.3. , :
|
|
;
.
5. .
.
8.1 .
8.1
() | , | , | |||
21 | 320011001300 | ||||
5751 | D = 600 D = 500 = 150 | - | |||
6 | L = 600 B = 200 | - |
1
1. 21 ( 2,14 %). . σ ≥ 210 .
2. , .
3. :
;
;
;
;
.
4. . , . : (), (). , . , : Si, Mn, P, S, . . .
, . : , . . , , . , , . , .
5. , - . , , , ( ). , . , , .
( ) , , . . : , , .
(), . .
. , . , .
( ), . . , , . .
|
|
.
6. , , . () , , . 680...750 . , , .
7. .
2
1. 5751 . : 5 % Sn, 7 % Zn, 5 % Pb, 1 % Ni, .
2. , . , . , .
, 5751 .
3. :
;
;
;
.
4. , , . , . , , . , 3 % . , . .
99,0...99,5 %.
. , , , , , , .
5. , , , . , . , .
6. .
3
1. 6 . ( ): 1,8...2,6 % Cu, 0,4...0,8 % Mg, 0,7...1,2 % Si, .
2. ( 380...450 o ) - . . .
3. :
;
6;
;
;
;
.
4. . 3 : (Al2O3) , , . . , . .
, (Na3AlF6). .
, () . .
5. , , , , , , , 6. , , . .
6. , , , ( , ).
( ). : 479...490 o , 300...400 o . 480...500 o. .
. , , , , . . . , .
, ( ) . .
7. , .
8. , .
8.2 , .
8.2
() | , | , | ||||
35 | D = 950 D = 420 = 400 | |||||
343 | D1 = 600 D2 = 375 L1 = 780 L = 1840 | 2 645 | ||||
30- | L = 1800 B = 400 H = 150 | |||||
20 | L = 3100 B = 1700 H = 1300 | 2 700 | ||||
7 | F = 20x10 L = 150 | 0,4 | ||||
3 | D = 1500 D = 1400 L = 1500 | 4 600 | , - | |||
2012 | D = 1325 D = 1100 L = 170 | 1 180 | ||||
59-1-1 | Ø 2 | 40 | ||||
58-2 | S = 2 | |||||
80 | D = 30 S = 1,5 |
8.2
63 , 45 | Ø 60 | |||||
10 | L = 25000 B = 1000 H = 1500 | , | ||||
2 | L = 500 S = 2 | |||||
2 | Ø 5 H = 15 | |||||
40- 11 | D = 200 D = 160 L = 500 | |||||
082 | Ø 1,6 | 80 | ||||
3 | D = 100 H = 150 S = 0,5 | 0,15 | ||||
3 | Ø = 100 S = 5 | |||||
3 | D = 500 H = 700 S = 2 | |||||
2 | L = 300 B = 150 H = 120 | |||||
1 | M20 L = 300 | 1,5 | ||||
96 | D = 30 L = 3000 S = 2 | , |
8.2
1-00 | D = 300 H = 800 S = 6 | , , | ||||
6 | L = 600 B = 250 | , | ||||
24 | D = 500 S = 20 L = 3500 | |||||
3 | D = 500 D = 450 = 150 | |||||
08 | D = 300 H = 500 S = 3 | |||||
19/22 | L = 20 | |||||
4 | Ø 50 R = 100 L = 300 | - | ||||
25 | D = 300 H = 100 S = 15 |
9