, , , , .
, ( 3 OSI) .
.
, , , . , .
, , , , , . , , / ..
.
, . , , , , .
, , : - , Distance Vector Algorithm (DVA); , Link State Algorithm (LSA).
: ; .
23. /IP. IP-. IP-. IP . IP .
/IP
TCP/IP (. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) DOD, . (. stack, ) , , , , . , TCP IP.
TCP/IP DOD :
* (application),
* (transport),
* (internet),
* (network access).
OSI. TCP/IP IP-. .
|
|
IP-
IP-. IP- 4 , , :
128.10.2.30 ,
10000000 00001010 00000010 00011110 .
. , , .
0, , . 1 126. 0 , 127 , . 216, 224.
10, 28...216. 16 , .. 2 .
110, 28. 24 , 8 .
1110, D , multicast.
11110, , .
, , IP-. IP- ( ). IP- , .
IP IP-: IP- :
0 0 0 0......... 0 0 0 0, , : :
0 0 0 0........ 0 , , , , ; IP- : 1111........ 1 1, , , . (limited broadcast); :
1111......... 1 1, , , . (broadcast); 127.0.0.1 . loopback.
IP- multicast , , , multicast*. , , . . . IPTV.
|
|
- multicast . , - .
multicast- --. ( , ), , IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol ICMP) - . , , , . , , -.
multicast , , , , MOSPF (Multicast OSPF OSPF).