: William Colgate founded (found) the Colgate Company in 1806 as a starch, soap and candle business in New York City.
For the first hundred years, the company ________ (do) all its business in the United States. However, in the early 1900s, the company ________ (begin) an aggressive expansion program that ________ (lead) to the establishment of Colgate operations in countries throughout Europe, Latin America and the Far East. In more recent years it ________ (set up) operations in Turkey, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Eastern Europe, and China. Colgate-Palmolive ________ (become) a truly global consumer products company, worth $8.7 billion and selling in more than 200 countries. Colgate-Palmolives five main sectors of business are: Oral Care, Body Care, Household Surface Care, Fabric Care and Pet Nutrition and Health Care. In the area of Oral Care, Colgate-Palmolive is the world leader in toothpaste. As a result of the companys heavy investment in research and technology, it ________ (develop) many successful toothpastes, rinses and toothbrushes. To strengthen its presence in professional products, Colgate-Palmolive ________ (buy) the Oral Pharm Company of Australia and the dental therapeutics business of Scherer Laboratories USA in 1990. For many years, the company ________ (have) a strong dental education program in schools throughout the world and ________ (maintain) a close partnership with the international dental community. Recently it ________ (create) a web site for dental professionals. The company ________ (always pay) close attention to the environment. It ________ already (make) great progress in the use of recyclable bottles and packaging materials.
5. ; , .
: Before I960, astronomers (have not spotted, had not spotted) had not spotted stars that send out both light and sound waves.
In 1960, two astronomers at Mount Palomar Observatory (had discovered, discovered) a starlike object at the edge of the universe. The astronomers were astounded to discover that this object (emits, was emitting) as much light as a thousand galaxies. Today, we (use, are using) the name quasar, which (stands, stood) for quasi-stellar. Quasi-stellar (meant, means) starlike object. So far, more than three hundred quasars (had been found, have been found) in space. Although astronomers today generally (had agreed, agree) that quasars ar powerful, fast-moving energy sources, they (will contradict, contradict) each others theories about the origin of quasars. One group currently (has been believing, believes) that quasars (consisted, consist) of giant, swirling masses of gas. These astronomers (say, said) that the gas (collapsed, is collapsing) on itself all the time, which is why quasars (had generated, are generating) so much energy. Other scientists (were asserting, assert) that quasars (develop, have been developing) from explosions of matter and antimatter, just as science fiction writers (predict, have been predicting) for many years. When scientists (had conducted, conduct) experiments that (brought, bring) matter and antimatter together, an explosion (will occur, occurs). Until we (understand, understood) more about the birth and death of galaxies, we probably (will not discover, have not discovered) the real story behind quasars.
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(sequence of tenses) , (past simple). , .. (present) (past), (future in the past). , . , , (past simple), ( ) :
| She said that she was a librarian. | , ( ). |
| We knew that the plant would be put into operation soon. | , . |
, :
| The article said that the new theory is very promising. | , . |
6. . . . .
: Swimmers who prepare to swim the 21.4-mile English Channel that separates England from France face a difficult challenge. (Change prepare to prepared.)
Swimmers who prepared to swim the 21.4-mile English Channel that separates England from France faced a difficult challenge.
The swimmers depart from either shore and arrive on a French beach or at the English cliffs equipped with only noninsulated swimsuits, bathing caps, goggles, noseclips, earplugs, grease, and light sticks for night swimming. (Change depart to departed.) They prepare for the swim by greasing themselves with lanolin and special oils, which make them glide more easily through the cold water. (Change prepare to had prepared.) Throughout the journey, the swimmers faced obstacles like sewage and oil slicks that sometimes made their tongues and throats swell and caused breathing problems. (Change faced to face.) Confronting water temperatures as low as 55 degrees Fahrenheit also threatened the swimmers, and many of them fell victim to hypothermia, a below-normal body temperature that can cause death. (Change threatened to threatens.) Often, after a few miles, even the best swimmers had blue lips and shivering bodies, and they became confused. (Change had to will have.)
(prepositions) ? ( ), ? ( ? ?) ? ( ? ?) .
in, at on :
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| Time | in a year or a month | in 1995; in May |
| in a period of the day | in the daytime (morning, evening) but: at night | |
| on a specific day | on Friday; on my birthday; on Christmas; on the 1-st of January | |
| at a specific time or period of time | at noon; at 2:00; at dawn; at nightfall at takeoff (the time a plane leaves); at breakfast (the time a specific meal takes place) | |
| Place | in a location surrounded by something else | in the province of Alberta; in the kitchen; in Utah; in the apartment; in downtown Bombay; in the bathtub |
| at a specific location | at school; at the university; at the bank; at the corner of Third Avenue and Main Street but: in the attic or in the basement | |
| on a surface | on page 20; on street level; on Washington Street; on the second floor; on the mezzanine |
in :
| Activity at world level, while continuing to grow at a firm rate, is likely to slow down in one year. | , , , . |
over, during, for :
| A defective product element will be replaced during the warranty period. | . |
| NB! During vs within. Within , . : you will get a prize if you reply within 10 days .. , 10 . during ? . : during the summer most people take their annual holiday .. - , . : during the day, during the next year. | |
| Over the working life even any minor maintenance is not required to be carried out on the cylinders. | - . |
| But to be good at it, you need to practice year after year, and for your whole life. | , . |
for :
| has gone away for two days. | . |
on , :
| Many scientists work on this problem. | . |
:
| at night | , |
| by night | , |
| by day |
, , last, next, this, that, each, every, one, some, all, . , , on :
| I got up early that morning. | . |
| It happened one Thursday in April. | . |
| Ill phone you (on) Sunday. | . |
for , :
| was doing it for two days. | . |
by ( ):
| had come by five oclock. | . |
by, with , (? ?):
| We write with a pen. | . |
(phrasal verb) , . , .. . , :
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Look at the moon ( : Look the moon at).
:
I threw away my homework (: I threw my homework away).
(*).
| break down | , ( ), |
| bring about | ; |
| call back | , |
| come up with* | , |
| figure out | , , |
| fill out | , |
| fill up | , |
| find out | , |
| get along with* | ( -) |
| get off * | , , , |
| get rid of * | |
| give up* | , ; (-) |
| hand in | , (); |
| hand out | , |
| keep up with* | , |
| leave out | , |
| look after* | |
| look into | , |
| look over | , ; |
| look up | (- ), |
| make up | , , |
| run across* | |
| speak to*, speak with* | ( -) |
| stop by* | , |
| take over | (, ) |
| throw away | , |
| throw out | , |
. - , , come up with propose suggest. ( ).
| believe in | - |
| benefit from | |
| concentrate on | |
| consist of | |
| depend on | , |
| insist on | |
| participate in | |
| prepare for | , |
| stare at |
, agree to = to give consent, agree on = to arrive at a satisfactory understanding:
| I cannot agree to my buying you a new car. | . |
| You and the seller must agree on a price for the car. | . |
- :
| about | ; ; |
| according to | ; ; |
| across | ; |
| as for | ; |
| as little as | , , |
| along | ; ; ; |
| along with | |
| against | , , ( ) |
| apart (aside) from | () ; ; |
| around | , ; ; () |
| beside | ; ; |
| besides | ; ; |
| both... and | ... ...; ; ..., |
| by means of | |
| by | ; ; ; ; |
| concerning; providing | ; |
| despite | ; (-) |
| either... or | ... |
| except (for); excepting | ; |
| in addition to | ; |
| in front of | ; |
| in place of | |
| instead of | (-); (-) |
| in spite of | |
| in case of | |
| in preference to | |
| in regard to | ; ; |
| provided | ; ; , |
| providing | |
| until | ( ) () |
| up to (as much as) | ; |
| whether... or | ; |
| within | ; |
:
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| a number of | , |
| ability in | ( -, -) |
| access to | ( -) |
| accustomed to | ( -); ( -) |
| accommodate for | ; |
| angry with, angry at | ( -) |
| authority on | (-) |
| aware of | , |
| based on | |
| capable of | ( -) |
| certain of | ; ( -) |
| confidence in | ( -); ( -) |
| dependent on | ( -); ( -) |
| different from | ; ; |
| faith in | ( -) |
| familiar with | ( -) |
| famous for | ( -, -) |
| happy with | (-) |
| in charge of | |
| independent of | |
| in favor of | |
| influence on (over) | () |
| interested in | ( -) |
| involved in | ( -); ( -) |
| involved with | (-) |
| knowledge of | (-) |
| made of | ( -) |
| opposed to | ; |
| patient with | ; ; ( -) |
| proud of | ; (-) |
| reason for | ; |
| related to | ( -) |
| suspicious of | - (-) |
| time for | ( -) |
| tired of | ( -) |
| NB! , : | ||
| align | [ə'laɪn] | |
| allow | [ə'lau] | |
| analysis | [ə'næləsɪs] | , , |
| analyze | ['æn(ə)laɪz] | |
| appreciate | [ə'pri:ʃɪeɪt] | () ; , |
| architecture | ['ɑ:kɪtekʧə] | |
| area | ['eərɪə] | o, , |
| assign | [ə'saɪn] | , , |
| bullet | ['bulɪt] | |
| button | ['bʌtn] | |
| catalogue | ['kæt(ə)lɔg] | |
| character | ['kærəktə] | , |
| chemistry | ['kemɪstrɪ] | |
| circuit | ['sɜ:kɪt] | () |
| command | [kə'mɑ:nd] | |
| consider | [kən'sɪdə] | , |
| comment | ['kɔment] | , |
| company | ['kʌmpənɪ] | , |
| comparison | [kəm'pærɪs(ə)n] | |
| component | [kəm'pəunənt] | , |
| computer | [kəm'pju:tə] | |
| control | [kən'trəul] | , |
| debt | [det] | |
| design | [dɪ'zaɪn] | , |
| designation | [dezɪg'neɪʃ(ə)n] | , , |
| determine | [dɪ'tɜ:mɪn] | , |
| dialog | ['daɪəlɔg] | |
| employee | [emplɔɪ'i:] | ; |
| employer | [ɪm'plɔɪə] | , ( ) |
| feature | ['fi:ʧə] | , |
| function | ['fʌŋkʃ(ə)n] | |
| format | ['fɔ:mæt] | |
| formatting | [`fɔ:mætıŋ] | |
| gauge | [geɪʤ] | , , , |
| grind | [graɪnd] | , , |
| height | [haɪt] | |
| hour | [auə] | |
| item | ['aɪtəm] | , |
| knowledge | ['nɔlɪʤ] | |
| key | [ki:] | |
| know | [nəu] | |
| knob | [nɔb] | , |
| machine | [mə'ʃi:n] | , |
| machining | [mə'ʃi:nɪŋ] | |
| margin | ['mɑ:ʤɪn] | () |
| menu | ['menju:] | |
| neural | ['njuər(ə)l] | |
| parameter | [pə'ræmɪtə] | |
| percent | [pə'sent] | |
| process | ['prəuses] | , |
| processing | ['prəusesɪŋ] | |
| personnel | [pɜ:s(ə)'nel] | |
| program | ['prəugræm] | |
| programming | ['prəugræmɪŋ] | |
| programmer | ['prəugræmə] | |
| present | ['prez(ə)nt] [prɪ'zent] | , , |
| record | ['rekɔ:d] [rɪ'kɔ:d] | |
| require | [rɪ'kwaɪə] | , |
| surface | ['sɜ:fɪs] | |
| supply | [sə'plaɪ] | , |
| suite | [swi:t] | , |
| sign | [saɪn] | |
| signature | ['sɪgnəʧə] | |
| technique | [tek'ni:k] | , , , |
| technology | [tek'nɔləʤɪ] | , , |
| trainee | [treɪ'ni:] | , |
| unique | [ju'ni:k] | , |
| width | [wɪdθ] | |
| winding | ['waɪndɪŋ] |
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