Ethernet, , , :
1024;
, ;
9Path Delay Value, PDV) 575 ;
IPG (Path Veriability Value, PVV) , 49 . 96 , , 96 - 49 = 47 .
PDV
IEEE, bt - .
, bt | , bt | , bt | 1 , bt | , | |
10Base-5 | 11,8 | 46,5 | 169,5 | 0,0866 | |
10Base-2 | 11,8 | 46,5 | 169,5 | 0,1026 | |
10Base-T | 15,3 | 42,0 | 165,0 | 0,113 | |
10Base-FB | - | 24,0 | - | 0,1 | |
10Base-FL | 12,3 | 33,5 | 156,5 | 0,1 | |
FOIRL | 7,8 | 29,0 | 152,0 | 0,1 | |
AUI (> 2 ) | 0,1026 | 2+48 |
, , , , . , .
.
- , .
- , ( ).
:
, , ;
, .
, , , .
PDV 575 .
, , , , .
:
3
500 500
10Base-FB 10Base-FB
3 4
2 4
1000 600
0Base-FL 10Base-FB
2 5
1 5
100 100
10Base-T 10Base-T
1 6
|
|
4- , 2800 .
PDV:
1: 15,3 () + 100 0,113 = 26,6.
2: 33,5 + 1000 0,1 = 133,5.
3: 24 + 500 0,1 = 74,0.
4: 24 + 500 0,1 = 74,0.
5: 24 + 600 0,1 = 84,0
6: 165 + 100 0113 = 176,3.
PDV - 568,4.
575, .
, .
PVV
.
, bt | , bt | |
10Base-5 10Base-2 | ||
10Base-FB | - | |
10Base-FL | 10,5 | |
10Base-T | 10,5 |
:
1 10Base-T: 10,5 bt.
2 10Base-FL: 8.
3 10Base-FB: 2.
4 10Base-FB: 2.
5 10Base-FB: 2.
PVV - 24,5. 49, Ethernet , .
, . , , . .
:
- , ( );
- - , , ;
- , .
( , , ). .
, - , , , , .
, , ( , , , , ). , -, . , , . , .
|
|
, .
.
, .
. , , .
.
(bridge) (switch, switching hub) , .
(transparent bridge) (source routing bridge).
, , . , , , . , .
, . , .
, 1 2 , 1 - 1 2, 2 3 4.
:
1. (promisquous). -, , , .
2. , . , .
3. , , - 1 1.
4. . , , , .
5. , , -.
6. , .
, , , . - , . .
- (flood). , , (broadcast storm).
. , , . - (SNMP). .
|
|
1. - .
2. , , , , .
3. , .
4. , , . , . , .
, .
:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- -, .
- .
.
. , . , . , .
. .
, , .
: . (IPX/SPX), (TCP/IP).
. . . .
, . ,
- , - ;
|
|
- , , , ;
- , - , , .
.
( , ), . , . , , . , - .
, , . , . , ( , , ).
.
S1 | M1(2) | M4(1) | |
S2 | - | M4(1) | |
S3 | M1(2) | M4(1) | |
S4 | M2(1) | M4(1) | |
S5 | - | M4(2) | |
S6 | M2(1) | M4(1) | |
Default | M5(1) | M4(2) | - |
. , .
(RIP, OSPF, NLSP). .
.
- . .
:
- ( ) . . , ( ).
- . , :
- , ;
- , ;
- , , .
- ( ) . . : 1) ; 2) ; 3) .
- - (Distance Vector Algorithms, DVA) . RIP.
- (Link State Algorithms, LSA) . OSPF.
|
|
, - .
IP-
TCP/IP
TCP/IP : , IP- .
, . -, , IPX.
IP- , . 4 , , 109.26.17.100. IP- . IP- : . , Internet (Internet Network Information Center, InterNIC), Internet. Internet InterNIC, . IP . , IP-. IP-. IP-.
. . IP- , - , , IP-. TCP/IP Domain Name System, DNS, .
IP-
IP- 4 , , .
. , , . , .
1 | 3 | ||||||||
2 | 2 | ||||||||
3 | 1 | ||||||||
D | multicast | ||||||||
E | |||||||||
1.0.0.0 | 126.0.0.0 | 224 | ||
128.0.0.0 | 191.255.0.0 | 216 | ||
192.0.0.0 | 223.255.255.0 | 28 | ||
D | 224.0.0.0 | 239.255.255.255 | Multicast | |
E | 240.0.0.0 | 247.255.255.255 |
IP-
- , , .
- , , , , .
- IP- 1, , , ( limited broadcast).
- , , , ( broadcast).
.
127.0.0.1, . , , . , 127 loopback.
IP- , . 185.23.44.206 . , 185.23.0.0, 0.0.44.206.
, IP- . , IP- . .
:
- 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 (255.0.0.0)
- 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 (255.255.0.0)
- 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 (255.555.255.0)
, , 8. ,
IP- 129.64.134.5 10000001.01000000.10000110.00000101
255.255.128.0 11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000
129.64.0.0 0.0.134.5. 129.64.128.0, 0.0.6.5.
. , .
IP-
, Internet, , . , .
, . , - , .
190.15.67.0 185.30.155.0
190.15.40.1 190.15.40.0 190.15.40.2
, . Internet , . Internet . 10.0.0.0, 16 172.16.0.0-172.31.0.0, 256 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.0.
IP-:
- IPv6 TCP/IP, 16- ;
- (Classless Inter-Domain Routing, CIDR);
- (Network Translator, NAT). . Internet , IP- .
IP-
IP- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, DHCP.
, . -. IP-. , IP-. (lease duration), . , .
IP-, .
IP- . . , .
DHCP- IP-, TCP/IP, , , IP- , IP- DNS, ..
IP-
IP- (Address Resolution Protocol, ARP). ARP . , IP- ARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol, RARP), , IP-, .
ARP , IP , , Ethernet.
1. IP ARP . ARP IP-:
IP- | - | |
194.85.135.75 | 008048760 | |
194.85.135.70 | 0800521722 | |
194.85.60.21 | 0080487567 |
. ARP . , .
2. , IP- , ARP , .
ARP-
1(01) | |
2048(0800) | |
6(06) | |
4(04) | |
1(01) | |
008048760 | |
194.85.135.75 | |
() | |
194.85.135.65 |
1 Ethernet
ARP IP, . IP 0800.
1 , 2 .
3. ARP , IP-, . IP- , IP , .
ARP-
1(01) | |
2048(0800) | |
6(06) | |
4(04) | |
2(02) | |
000F77F1920 | |
194.85.135.65 | |
008048760 | |
194.85.135.75 |
, ARP-. ARP IP- 194.85.135.75 , IP- 194.85.135.65 - 000F77F1920.
ARP
IP- | - | |
194.85.135.75 | 008048760 | |
194.85.135.70 | 0800521722 | |
194.85.60.21 | 0080487567 | |
194.85.135.65 | 000F77F1920 |
IP-
. . TCP/IP , , .
, IP-, .
. ISO 3166. :
Com
Edu
Gov
Org
Net , .
IP- (Domain Name System, DNS). DNS , IP-). DNS -. , .
DNS , . DNS-, IP- , , .
DNS- IP- DNS- , .
DNS . DNS , , .
.
1. . , .
2. , , DNS-. , .
IP-
4 | 4 | 8 | 16 | ||||||||
PR | D | T | R | ||||||||
16 | 3 | 13 | |||||||||
D | M | ||||||||||
8 | 8 | 16 | |||||||||
32 IP- | |||||||||||
32 IP- | |||||||||||
IP- . , , 20 .
- (Version) - 4 . IPv4 IPv6.
- (IHL) - 4 , 32- . 20 ( 32- ), (IP Options). 60 .
- (Type of Service) - . (Precedence). - 0 ( ), - 7 ( ). . . : , . D (delay) , , - , R - . , , . .
- (Total Length) - 2 . , , 65535 , - . , IP-. , 576 .
- (Identification) - 2 , . .
- (Flags) - 3 , . DF (Do not Fragment) , MF (More Fragments) , ( ) . .
- (Fragment Offset) 13 , . / MTU. 8 .
- (Time to Live) , . . . , . , , . , , .
- (Protocol) , , (, , UDP, ICMP OSPF). RFC Assigned Numbers.
- (Header Checksum) . (, ), IP-. 16- . . , .
- IP- (Source IP Address) IP- (Destination IP Address) 32 .
- (Options) . , , . , . , , , . , 32- .
- (Padding) , , IP- 32- . .