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(Presentation layer) , . , , . , ASCII EBCDIC. , . Secure Socket Layer (SSL), TCP/IP.
(Application layer) - , , , Web-, , , . , , (message).
OSI
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OSI . , . , , .
- OSI , , .
OSI - , . GOSIP, , 1990 , OSI, . OSI , , , . OSI, . , , - NFSNET. , OSI, AT&T, Stargroup .
10. IPX/SPX
Novell, NetWare 80- . Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX), , XNS Xerox, , IPX/SPX. IPX/SPX , , NetWare 65%.
Novell ISO/OSI 1.5.
. 1.5. IPX / SPX
Novell (Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI ).
Novell IPX, RIP NLSP ( OSPF TCP/IP). IPX , Novell. IPX , , . , IPX , RIP, NLSP (NetWare Link State Protocol) . IPX , . , IPX : , .
OSI Novell SPX, .
, NCP SAP. NCP (NetWare Core Protocol) NetWare . - OSI. , , , , .., .
SAP (Service Advertising Protocol) - - RIP. , RIP , SAP .
SAP . SAP , . SAP . , SAP , .
Novell NetWare 3.x SAP. SAP , , , SAP- RIP-.
IPX/SPX NetWare, ( 4.0) , . Novell , ( IBM- MS-DOS 640 ) . , IPX/SPX - , , (, ).
, , IPX/SPX Novell , NetWare. NetWare 4.0, Novell , . IPX/SPX NetWare, - SCO UNIX, Sun Solaris, Microsoft Windows NT.
11. NetBIOS/SMB
Microsoft IBM , NetBIOS/SMB . NetBIOS 1984 / (BIOS) IBM PC PC Network IBM, (. 3) SMB (Server Message Block).
. 3. NetBIOS/SMB
NetBIOS : , . NetBIOS , IPX SPX, . , NetBIOS . NetBIOS , , , , NetBIOS . NetBIOS , . NetBIOS , .
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12. TCP/IP
TCP/IP, DoD Internet, . (Department of Defence, DoD) ARPAnet . ARPA . ARPA Internet Protocol (IP), TCP/IP .
TCP/IP , UNIX. UNIX IP . Internet, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) , RFC.
TCP/IP ISO/OSI, , , TCP/IP OSI .
TCP/IP 4. TCP/IP 4 .
. 4. TCP/IP
( IV) OSI. TCP/IP , : Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, SLIP/PPP, " " , X.25 ISDN. , ATM .
( III) , , X.25, . . ( OSI) IP, , , , . IP , . IP .
, , RIP (Routing Internet Protocol) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol). , - -, . ICMP , , , , ..
( II) . TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol). TCP . UDP , , , TCP.
( I) . TCP/IP . , FTP, telnet, SMTP, Internet , , WWW . , .
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) . . . -, . , , . . , , . SNMP . , MIB (Management Information Base), , , .
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) . , , FTP TCP. , FTP . , , , FTP . , FTP . , , .
TCP/IP FTP , . , FTP, , TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol). , , TCP, UDP.
telnet , . .
TCP/IP
TCP/IP . 1996 IPX/SPX Novell, - TCP/IP , 1998 .
TCP/IP 4 (. 5.3). - , .
. 5.3 TCP/IP
, , . , , . internet, - .
( OSI) IP (Internet Protocol). , , , . IP , . IP , , .
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, , , . TCP/IP, .
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol). TCP . - - . TCP , . TCP - , . , TCP .
UDP , IP, () .
, . TCP/IP . , -, . , . , Telnet, FTP, TFTP, DNS, SNMP , , HTTP.
TCP/IP - . , : TCP/IP , . , . , , . IP- .
TCP/IP , : Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, - - SLIP , .25, frame relay. , . TCP/IP RFC, IP- .
. 5.4 TCP/IP OSI
TCP/IP ISO/OSI, , , TCP/IP OSI (. 5.4).
TCP/IP, , OSI, , , , (. 5.5).
. 5.5 TCP/IP
TCP/IP , . , .
, , . , , , , . , , , , .
. , . TCP/IP (. 5.6).
. 5.6 , TCP/IP
, TCP UDP.
TCP .
UDP ( ). - , . IP.
IP .
TCP/IP () , IP- . , .
13
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