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{ 1945 . 1948 . 1951 . . .}

:

1. .

2. .

(.. ) , . 1, 0. , , , 0 1.

. 1. , , .

{ , 8 .}

. 2. , 8, [1].

(1024 , 210 ), (1024 , 220 ) (1024 , 230 ).

, .

 

8

. IBM PC ( ) ( ) . { , , .}

. , 10 0 9, : 0 1.

2 , 1. (1), ( ).

1. 149 .

, 149(10) = 10010101(2)

 

anan-1an-2a1a0 an ×2n+ an-1 ×2n-1++ a1 ×21+ a0 ×20

 

2. 10010101(2) .

10010101(2)=1×20+0×21+1×22+0×23+1×24+0×25+0×26+1×27=1+4+16+128.

 

, n 2 n . , 1 , 0 255, 2 0 65 535, 4 0 4 294 967 295 ( ).

9 . : , , :

n , x.

 

3. n =8

(0) = 0 = 00000000

(1) = 1 = 00000001

(2) = 2 = 00000010

(3) = 3 = 00000011

(126) = 126 = 01111110

(127) = 127 = 01111111

(-1) = 28-1 = 255 = 11111111

(-2) = 28-2 = 254 = 11111110

(-3) = 28-3 = 253 = 11111101

(-126) = 28-126 = 130 = 10000010

(-127) = 28-127 = 129 = 10000001

(-128) = 28-128 = 128 = 10000000

 

, : . , 1 , -128 +127, 2 32 768 +32 767, 4 2 147 483 648 +2 147 483 647 ( , ).





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