1. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was a cheerful, eccentric, self-educated genius. Deaf from scarlet fever at childhood, he had no formal schooling. But he was a natural mathematician, a practical inventor who made his own laboratory equipment, a writer of science fiction and a research worker. He was born in 1857 in Kaluga. In March, 1883 Tsiolkovsky completed an extraordinary accurate work Free Space, on how it was possible to orbit a sputnik around the Earth. This was probably the first use of the word sputnik. Free Space was published in 1954 though he quoted some parts of it in his Dreams of Heaven and Earth published in Moscow in 1985. He wrote: An Earth sputnik, similar to the Moon, but nearer to our planet, just about 300 versts from the Earths surface, will represent a very small mass free from the pull of gravitation.
2. He discussed how to create sputniks and the speed of their movement in orbit. Sixty-two years later, when the first sputnik was launched, it orbited at a height of about 300 versts and its speed reached eight versts a second, as the old scientist had told.
3. This self-taught scientist most of his learning came from library shelves was not interested only in the theory of space travel. In 1878 he constructed a primitive centrifuge to test on chickens and mice the effect of acceleration and overloading on living organisms.
4. At this time, too, he sketched instruments which could simulate conditions of weightlessness on the ground. Now all these sketches and manuscripts are in the museum-home at Kaluga, about 100 miles west of Moscow.
5. The results of his tests in the centrifuge with chickens were the following: it was found that they could stand the loads of 5 to 6 Gs, but die when the G-load reached 10. This was contained in the work The Mechanics of living Organisms which was read by a famous Russian physiologist of that time Sechenov. Sechenov was so impressed by the scientific arguments that he recommended the unschooled Tsiolkovsky for membership of the Academy of Sciences, the recommendation was unanimously accepted.
6. In his work on the effects of speed he developed the principle of hermetically sealed space capsules similar to the one used by Gagarin. Experiment on stresses on the human body is still carried today.
7. In 1903 Tsiolkovsky published the Scientific Review on Space Research by Jet Engines, a work which widely read today by specialists in this field.
8. In his modest cottage at Kaluga, in the time he could spare from teaching mathematics at a local school, he carried out his scientific work, but he was poorly paid and had no money to finance experiments. His life changed with the revolution, and practically everything he wrote saw the light of day. The principles for multi-stage rockets were described by Tsiolkovsky. On his 75th birthday meetings were held throughout the Soviet Union to honour him as the father of astronautics. The government awarded him the Red Banner of Labour. He died in 1935 confident that his lifetimes work would be realized.
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V. 6 .
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What did Tsiolkovsky develop in his work on the effects of speed?
1. He developed the theory of space travel.
2. He developed the principle of hermetically sealed space capsules.
3. He developed the principle of orbiting a sputnik around the Earth.
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I. ; - - . . () .
) 1. I believe he has read many lectures of this kind.
2. We are planning to launch a new product.
3. He was translating an English newspaper when we entered the library.
) 1. On October 4, 1957 the first man-made sputnik of the Earth was launched
into space.
2. He is regarded as the founder of political economy.
II. ; Participle I Participle II , .. , , -. .
1. While doing his work he made an important discovery.
2. He wrote a great deal of works devoted to this subject.
3. We arrived at a definite decision considering the matter carefully.
4. Unless properly treated this metal must not be applied for space technology.
5. The student translating the text from Russian into English knows the
language well.
