| перед е, i, у | [s] | face, city, bicycle | |
| перед а, о, u | [k] | case, cat, cut, cool, coal | |
| C | и согласной | class, fact | |
| с | Сочетания ch, ten | [ʧ] | watch, match, bench, chief |
| ck | [k] | clock, thick, quick | |
| перед е, i, у | [ʤ] | page, age, engineer, gym | |
| G | перед а, о, u | [ɡ] | gate, got, gun, fog |
| g | и согласной | great | |
| Сочетания | |||
| ng | [h] | bring, sing, ring | |
| в начале слова | [s] | say, such, send, stop, speak | |
| перед глухой | [s] | rest, best, ask, test | |
| согласной | |||
| после глухих | [s] | books, desks, asks, gets, puts | |
| S | согласных | ||
| s | после звонких со- | [z] | beds, reads, boys, days, goes |
| гласных и гласных | factories | ||
| между гласными | [z] | rise, these, please | |
| перед суф. -ion, -иге | [ʒ] | occassion, pleasure, measure | |
| в суффиксе -ous | [ʒ] | famous, numerous | |
| перед гласной | [w] | wind, was | |
| W | перед h | [w] | when, where, what, why, white |
| w | Сочетания | ||
| who | [h] | who, whose, whom, whole | |
| wr | [r] | write, wrote, wrong |
БУКВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ
| bt | [t] | debt, doubt, subtle | |
| ght | [t] | light, night, right | |
| gn | [n] | sign, design, reign | |
| kn | [n] | know, knife, knit | |
| ph | [f] | photo, philosophy | |
| qu | [kw] | queen, question | |
| sh | [ʃ] | wish, show, fresh | |
| ss + ion | [ʃn] | permission | |
| ss | [s] | passive, possible | |
| В начале и в конце знаменательных слов | [Ɵ] | thin, thick, month, path | |
| th | в начале служебных слов, междометий, наречий и | [ð] | the, this, that, those, thus, they, |
| между гласными | gather, bathe, weather |
Фонетические явления
1. Палатализация — (palatalization) — смягчение согласных, возникает под влиянием следующих за ними гласных переднего ряда. Это явление характерно для русских согласных и выполняет смыслоразличительную функцию, например: мел — мель, тук — тюк, В английском языке большинство согласных произносится без палатализации, т. е. твердо.
2. Позиционная долгота гласных. Долгота кратких и долгих гласных находится в зависимости от позиции в слове; Ударные гласные являются наиболее долгими в конечной позиции, несколько короче перед звонкими согласными и самыми короткими перед глухими согласными.
3. Твердый приступ — задержка начала колебаний голосовых связок при артикуляции начального гласного.
4. Ассимиляция (assimilation). Под ассимиляцией понимается качественное уподобление смежных согласных звуков. Так, альвеолярные согласные [t], [d], [n], [l], [s], [z] становятся зубными под влиянием последующих межзубных [Ɵ], [ð]. В английском языке отсутствует свойственная русскому языку регрессивная ассимиляция, т. е. ассимиляция, при которой предыдущий согласный оглушается или озвончается под влиянием последующего.
5. Латеральный взрыв (lateral plosion). Сонант [l] с предшествующим взрывным альвеолярным согласным произносится слитно, не следует отрывать кончик языка от альвеол, не должно быть гласного призвука между ними. Взрыв альвеолярного согласного происходит в процессе произнесения последующего сонанта [1]. Сонант в подобных случаях становится слогообразующим. Например: little, bottle, people.
6. Носовой взрыв (nasal plosion). Сочетание взрывных альвеолярных согласных [t], [d] с последующими носовыми сонантами [n] или [m] произносится слитно. Взрыв альвеолярного согласного происходит в процессе произнесения последующего сонанта [n] или [m] и называется носовым взрывом. Например: pardon, garden.
7. Потеря взрыва (loss of plosion). Английские смычные согласные [р], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] теряют взрыв, если за ними следует другой смычный согласный или аффрикаты [ʧ], [ʤ]. Например: a good - dog, ask - Kate, a dark - garden, don't - demand, the village - champion.
8. Редукция (reduction) — процесс ослабления сокращения или исчезновения гласных звуков в неударной позиции. Например, длительность гласных в безударных словах и местоимениях сокращается. При сильном ослаблении гласные этих слов могут утратить свое качество. Происходит количественная и качественная редукция [а: — а — ə].
9. Аспирация (aspiration) — аспирация, придыхание.
10. Потеря аспирации (loss of aspiration) — глухие взрывные [р], [t], [k] теряют аспирацию в положении после согласного [s]. Например: spot.
11. Связующее г (linking r). Если за словом, оканчивающимся на согласную букву r следует слово, начинающееся с гласного звука, то на стыке слов звучит согласный [r], который носит название связующий r. Если эти слова разделены паузой, то связующее r исчезает.
12. Элизия (elision) — выпадение звука, часто для сохранения ритма. Например, cu(p)board, ras(p)berry, gran(d)mother, han(d)kerchief.
PART I
UNIT 1. [i:] - [i]
Exercise I. Read the following words paying special attention to correct pronunciation.
| 1. [i:] | 2. [i] | 3. [i:]— | [i] | |||
| be | bead | beat | did | it | beat | bit |
| he | heed | heat | bid | bit | seat | sit |
| fee | feed | feet | lid | lit | feet | fit |
| see | seed | seat | kid | kit | eat | it |
| tea | teas | teeth | pill | pit | cheap | chip |
| pea | peas | peace | nib | nip | leak | lick |
| knee | knees | niece | rib | rip | peak | pick |
| read | rid | |||||
| deed | did | |||||
| lead | lid | |||||
| teen | tin | |||||
| bean | bin | |||||
| heel | hill | |||||
| peel | pill |
Exercise II. Read the following sense-groups, mind the rhythm and intonation.
(a) Pete; Pete eats; Pete eats meat; Pete eats lean meat; Steve and Pete eat lean meat; Steve and Pete eat lean meat and green beans; please, Steve and Pete, eat lean meat and green beans.
(b) ease; with equal ease; Japanese with equal ease; Chinese and Japanese with equal ease; speaks Chinese and Japanese with equal ease; he speaks Chinese and Japanese with equal ease.
Exercise III. Transcribe and intone the following sentences. Practise reading them in pairs.
[i:] (a) 1. Pleased to meet you.
2. Please, be seated.
3. Extreems meet.
4. Greek meets Greek.
5. How much cheese do you need?
6. It's easy to be wise after the event.
[i] (b) 1. It's the limit.
2. It isn't his business.
3. I think it's a little thick.
4. Bill's sister sings well.
5. Who sings English songs in his family?
[i:] — [i] (c) 1. Pete eats chiefly meat and Bill eats mainly fish.
2. Jimmy doesn't eat chicken. Eve doesn't eat cheese sandwiches.
3. Edith will be pleased to meet Bill, Peter and Eve.
4. Bill drinks coffee, Eve drinks tea.
5. Peter drinks whiskey, Jean drinks gin.
6. Who reads Greek myths in your family?
7. Will you still need me, will you still feed me when I am sixty-four.
Exercise IV. Read the tongue-twisters and learn them.
1. He went to sea to see what he could see and all he could see was sea, sea, sea.
2. I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice-cream.
Exercise V. Read the dialogues, mark the stresses and tunes. Learn them. Act out the dialogues.
In a Restaurant
Peter: What would you like to eat, Edith?
Edith: A meat sandwich.
Peter: Jean? Would you like a meat sandwich or a cheese sandwich?
Jean: A cheese sandwich, please, Peter.
Waiter: Good evening.
Peter: Good evening. We'll have one meat sandwich and two cheese sandwiches.
Edith: And three teas, please!
Waiter: (writing down the order) One meat sandwich... two cheese sandwiches... and... three teas.
2. An Interesting Film
Вi11: Is Tim in?
Lyn: Is he coming to the pictures?
Mrs Smith: Tim's ill.
Bill: Here he is! Hello, Tim.
Tim: Hello, Bill.
Lyn: Are you ill, Tim?
T i m: Is it an interesting film?
Lyn: It's "Big Jim and the Indians".
Bill: And it begins in six minutes.
Mrs S m i t h: If you're ill, Tim...
T i m: Quick! Or we'll miss the beginning of the film!
Busy in the Kitchen
Billy: Mummy! Are you busy?
Mother: Yes, I'm in the kitchen.
Вi11y: Can I go swimming in Chichester with Jim this morning?
Mother: Jim?
Billy: Jim English. He's living with Mr and Mrs Willis in the village — Spring Cottage.
Mother: Isn't it a bit chilly to go swimming?
Billy: What's this? Can I pinch a bit of it?
Mother: Oh, Billy, you little pig! It's figgy pudding, Get your fingers out of it!
Billy: Women are so silly! I only dipped a little finger in.
Mother: Well, it's a filthy little finger. Here, tip this chicken skin into the bin and I'll give you a biscuit.
4. Weeding's Not for Me!
Peter; This is the season for weeds. We'll each weed three metres before tea, easily.
Сe1ia: Do we kneel? My knees are weak. Do you mean all these?
Peter: Celia, my sweet, those aren't weeds, those are seedlings, Beans, peas and leeks. Can't you see?
Се1ia: If they're green they're weeds to me. But I agree, Peter — weeding's not for me!
Peter: Well, let me see. May be we'll leave the weeds. You see these leaves? If you sweep them into a heap under that tree I'll see to the tea.
Сe1ia: Pete, my feet are freezing. You sweep the leaves. I'll see to the tea!
Exercise VI. Read the rhymes and learn them.
| 1. One, two, three | 2. Kitty meets Minnie |
| Let me see | "Minnie", said Kitty |
| Who likes coffee | "Look at my pinny. |
| and who likes tea. | Isn't, it pretty?" |
| One, two, three | "Very", says Minnie |
| Oh, I see | "I like white and blue." |
| You like coffee | "Thank you", says Kitty |
| And I like tea. | "And I like it too." |
3. Oh, swing the king and swing the queen,
Oh, swing the king and swing the queen,
Oh, swing 'em round and round the green.
Oh, swing 'em round the green.
4. Kitty's home is in the country,
Betty's home is in the city,
Kitty likes to stay with Betty,
Betty likes to stay with Kitty.
Betty likes the country best,
Kitty likes the busy city,
That is quite a lucky thing
For Betty and for Kitty.
Exercise VII. Transcribe the proverbs and learn them.
1. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
2. As fit as a fiddle.
3. People meet but mountains never greet.
4. Between the devil and the deep sea.
5. A small leak will sink a great ship.
6. Honey is sweet but the bee stings.
7. Still waters run deep.
UNIT 2. [æ] - [e]
Exercise I. Read the following words paying special attention to correct pronunciation.
| 2. [e] | |||||
| Al | pal | hat | any | men | get |
| Alma | bag | lap | Aetna | pen | pet |
| alphabet | lab | nap | anyhow | den | let |
| add | cab | back | v anyway | said | bet |
| Ann | pan | rack | anyone | bread | best |
| apple | ban | happen | ate | bed | mess |
| ammateur | ham | happy | red | neck | |
| Africa | badge | chapter | bell | peck | |
| abbey | fancy | chatter | sell | left | |
| abstract | balcony | catch | fell | press | |
| Alice | grammar | gas | ready | settle |
3. [æ] - [e]
bat — bet pat — pet
at — ate bad — bed
lad — led sad — said
mat — met Dan — den
rat — red tan — ten
rack — wreck sat — set
bag — beg man — men
shall — shell Pat — pet
Exercise II. Read the following sense-groups, mind the rhythm and intonation.
(a) a rat; a fat rat; catching a fat rat; a cat catching a fat rat; a black cat catching a fat rat.
(b) his hands; clapping his hands; a man clapping his hands; a fat man clapping his hands; a fat man clapping his hands is Pat's Dad.
(c) a hat; a black hat; Pat's black hat; a cat is in Pat's black hat; a black cat is in Pat's black hat; Pat's black cat is in Pat's black hat.
(d) Franz; friend Franz; Czech friend Franz; Jack's Czech friend Franz, Jack's Czech friend Franz and Pat; Jack's Czech friend Franz and French friend Pat; Jack's Czech friend Franz and Franz's French friend Pat.
Exercise III. Transcribe and intone the following sentences. Practise reading them in pairs.
[æ] (a) 1. Ann has plaits and black slacks.
2. Harry has a hacking jacket.
3. Harry and Ann are standing hand in hand.
4 Can you imagine that? That's adsolutely fantastic!
5. That's flat! That's bad! And that's that.
6. Fancy that! Dan acted on Dad's advice!
[e] (b) 1. Very well then.
2. Well said.
3. Ted meant to get ahead.
4. Ed will never get the better of Ted.
5. I expect Betty spends a pretty penny on dress.
6. Success went to Ned's head.
[æ] — [e] (c) 1. A black cat sat on a mat and ate a fat rat.
2. Ted has Dad's hat on his head.
3. Jack has a check cap in his hand.
4. Accidents will happen in the best regulated families.
5. Can you imagine that? Success went to' Pat's head.
Exercise IV. Read the tongue-twisters and learn them.
1. He that hatches matches hatches catches.
2. If you, Andy, have two candies, give one candy to Sandy, Andy.
3. A black ape on a real ladder dropped a black cape on a real adder.
Exercise V. Read the dialogues, mark the stresses and tunes. Learn them. Act out the dialogues.
An Expensive Holiday
Eddie: Hello, Ellen! Hello, Ben! Hello, Jenny!
Ben: Hello, Eddie! Have a cigarette.
Eddie: Thanks, Ben.
Ellen: Help yourself to whiskey!
J e n n y: It's on the shelf.
Ben: How did you spend your holiday, Eddie?
E d d i e: I went to America with a friend.
Everybody: Well!
Ellen: We're all jealous.
Ben: Was it expensive?
Eddie: Yes. Very. I've spent everything.
Jenny: Haven't you any money left?
Eddie: Yes, Jenny! Ten pence!
A Bad Hijacker
Hostess Bradley: Alice! Perhaps that passenger is a hijacker!
Hostess Allen: Which passenger, Anne? That sad man with the camera? He's wearing black slacks and a jacket.
Hostess Bradley: No. That fat lady with the big black handbag in her left hand.
Hostess Allen: Is she standing next to the lavatory?
Hostess Bradley: Yes. She's travelling to Amsterdam.
Hostess Allen: You're mad, Anne, I don't understand.
Hostess Bradley: You see, when she went into the lavatory she didn't have that handbag in her hand, and now she's...
Fat lady: {clapping her hands) EVERYBODY STAND! I'm a hijacker. And in this handbag I have a...
Handbag: BANG!
The End of the Adventure
Ken: Ted! Thank heaven! I was getting desperate. Ted: Hello there, Ken. Where are Jeff and the rest of the men? К е n: They left me in the tent with some eggs and some bread, and off they went.
Ted: Where were they heading?
Ken: West. In that direction. They said they'd bury the treasure under the dead elm — you remember, by the bend in the fence — and get back by sunset.
Ted: All ten of them went?
Ken: They said the chest was heavy.
Ted: They left — when?
Ken: Yesterday, between ten and eleven.
Ted: And you let them?
Ken: There were ten of them...
Ted: Well, my friend, I reckon that's the end of the adventure. We'll never see the treasure chest or any of those ten men again.
