I. , -. .
1. Tillage is the preparation of the soil for planting.
2. These machines are used for secondary tillage.
3. Workers standing on the platform remove vines and stomes that have not been separated mechanically.
4. The acreage under grain crops will be manured in spring.
II. , .
1. take care of a machine means to have it in good operating conditions.
2. The potatoes to be picked up by hand are dropped from, the conveyor on to the ground.
3. A harrow is an implement used to level the ground.
III. , .
1. grass-seeding attachment is known to be secured for almost all grain drills.
2. Everybody knows cultivation to increase the yields of crops.
3. This method is reported to be satisfactory under damp conditions.
IV. ing. .
1. There are different machines used for stirring the soil and killing weeds.
2. Fertilizers are applied with distributors having specially constructed hoppers.
3. Killing the weeds chemicals.
V. , .
1. The lab our efficiency having increased, the incomes of farmers become much higher.
2. Using the naterial and money resources given by the state the farm must obtain the biggest possible output from its land.
3. Every worker being interested in the results of his lab our, it is much easier to avoid unproductive expenses.
VI. . .
harvester-thresher - , -
to head -
header - / /
to thresh -
thresher -
binder -
t adapt -
pull -
tractor-drawn -
self propelled -
to cut -
feed -
stalk -
stem -
straw -
to remove -
chaff -
to handle , ,
truck
self propelled
to power
engine
point -
air cleaner
radiator
to ensure ,
to choke ,
attachment
straw spreader
straw loader
windrow pickup
windrow spreader
VII. :
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What are the basic operational functions of the combine harvester-thresher?
Text A
Grain Combines
The combine harvester-thresher, or a combine, heads the standing grain, threshes it, and cleans it as it moves over the field. Therefore it takes the place of the grain binder, the header, the stationary thresher etc.
The combine is adapted to harvest all small grains, soybeans, and rice as well as many other crops. There are two general t types of combines: the pull or tractor-drawn and the self-propelled, ones.
The basic operational functions are known to be as follows:
cutting the standing grain;
feeding the cut grain to the cylinder;
threshing the grain from the stalk or stem;
separating the grain from the straw;
cleaning the grain by removing chaff and other foreign material;
handling the grain from the combine to tank and from tank to truck.
A number of attachments can be obtained for combines. These include a straw spreader, straw loader, windrow pickup, windrow spreader etc.
Being of a self-propelled type the combine is powered by an engine and this requires the same.sort of attention as does a tractor engine. Two points on the engine are likely to require daily attentions: these are the aircleaner and the radiator. A combine working in very dusty conditions, the operator must ensure that neither, of these become choked with dust.
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TRACTORS
The tractor-building industry produces some 600,000 tractors. The growth of lab our productivity in agriculture.particularly in crop farming, is secured by' increasing the capacity and speed of the tractors.
The production of the main types of modern tractors-K-701, T- 140, T-150 K, Belarus-611, MTZ-80/82-started in the early 1970s. They have highly efficient diesel engines-and multiple-speed gear boxes. The cabins have springs, and have ventilation, heating and air-conditioning systems. Maintenance of these tractors is easier and they run longer before a general overhaul is needed.
The modern tractors, for example, those made at the Kirov Plant in Leningrad, have a capacity of 270 hp, and designers are now working on models with capacities of up to 450-500 hp.
The new models to go into production soon include the 170 hp OT-75C caterpillar tractor (the Volgograd Tractor Plant), the 150hp T-150 tractor (the Kharkov Plant), and the 150 hp all-purpose model.
The design organizations are also busy developing small-size models. These compact, easy to operate tractors will help mechanize work on small plots of land.
1. How many tractors does the tractor-building industry 'produce?
2. When did the production of the main types of modern tractors start?
3. Have the cabins springs and ventilation?
100,000 Tractors.
A short time ago the 100,000th Belarus tractor, which is manufactured by the Minsk Tractor Plant, came off the factory's production lines.
This tractor is not only to be seen in the fields of our country, but in China, India, the u.a.r., Greece, and Bulgaria, which are among the 20 countries to which the Minsk Tractor Plant exports its engineering products.
A new tractor is to go into serial production at the works-the MTZ-M. It has a 10-speed gear-box and a more powerful and economical engine than the Belarus. It is known to be used to drive many types of small machines for it has a pulley to which they can be connected by a driving belt. Some 50 or 60 implements can be mounted on the MTZ-5M, which has a maximum working speed of 25 km, per hour.
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1. What countries is the Belarus tractor exported?
2. What new tractor has a more powerful and economical engined than the Belarus?
3. What kind of implements can be mounted on the MTZ-5M?
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEEIRS IN FUPUNE
Agricultural engineers will be working on satellites circling the earth, monitorins movements of water and air masses end directing them in areas of the world where they, are needed the moat.
Thousands of agricultural engineer's will be designing systems to grow crops and trees on saline soils and saline, waters. Many will be working onthe design of farming complexes in the deserts using nuclear plants to pump water miles away.
Thousands of agricultural engineers will continue to work an environmental pollution control and particularly a rinsing the polluted air, soil and water.
Hundreds of agricultural engineers will be among the first thousands to be sent off from the Eartn to establish food production complexes on Earth II.
to monitor .
P0WER TILLER IN INDIAN AGRICULTURE
The power tiller is a new agricultural machine for Indian agriculture. It is on ideal machine for a form of 2 to 10 hectares with capacity to till a hectare per day with multipurpose operations such as tilling, ploughing, etc.
The advantages of the power-tiller are the following:
a) The power tiller is more efficient as compared with a pair of bullocks while costing only a part. The power tiller can cultivate one hectare of land per day (which) is about the work of six pairs of bullocks) at half the cost. The power tiller can be purchased for the same initial payment as will be required for the purchase of a pair of bullocks.
b) For increasing food production through intensive cultivation, power tiller la the answer, especially for small farmewhich are so typical are India.
The power Tiller Committee of India worked out the following recommendations to make power tillers popular in India.
1) Demonstration and publicity by all concerned.
2) Introduction of power tillers In Governmental farms,, agricultural colleges, agro industry corporations, etc.
3) Reduction of local taxes.
4) Government help and the Import of spare parts for power tillers.
What in necessary is the realization of these recommendations?
by all concerned -
TH COMBINE
The combine is a single machine which performes all grain harvesting operations. The idea of such a machine is rather old. But practical production of combines began at the end of the last century.
The combine cuts, threshes any kind of seed or grain.
The grain is separated from the straw, by straw-rack agitation. After it passes over agitated sieves the clean grain is delivered to the container or to the bags.
It is necessary to do combine harvesting as quickly as possible while the weather is fine.
It is alco very important to prepare the combine for harvesting properly. The machine must be clean and its moving parts must run freely.
At the end of the season all the components of the machine must be and cleaned again. Any worn part must be replaced and the machine must be ready for next harvesting season.
1. air cleaner
2. attachment
3. bar ,
4. binder -
5. blade - , ,
6. breakdown ,
7. clod -
8. covering device
9. cultivating -
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10. digger -
11. drill ,
12. drive wheel
13. elevator -
14. end wheel drill
15. engine
16. feed ,
17. feed -
18. fertilizing
19. frame
20. fuel
21. furrow -
22. furrow opener
23. general-purpose tractor -
24. ground traction drive
25. harrowing -
26. harvester ,
27. harvester-thresher - , -
28. harvesting -
29. hitch
30. hopper
31. implement -
32. intertillage -
33. lubrication -
34. mounted drill
35. picker
36. planting - ,
37. plow
38. plowing
39. potato digger ,
40. power - ,
41. power take-of (driven)
42. press wheel
43. press-wheel drill ,
44. rear
45. row -
46. row crops -
47. row-crop tractor -
48. sack -
49. sear box -
50. seed box
51. self propelled -
52. set - , .
53. shaft - ,
54. shaker chain -
55. source -
56. speed -
57. stem -
58. straw -
59. straw loader
60. straw spreader
61. tank - ,
62. three-point hitch
63. thresher -
64. threshing
65. tillage -
66. to lift -
67. to adapt - ()
68. to choke ,
69. to combine
70. to cultivate - , ,
71. to cut -
72. to deliver
73. to design - ,
74. to dig -
75. to discharge - ,
76. to draw- ,
77. to elevate -
78. to ensure ,
79. to equip -
80. to extend - ,
81. to fertilize
82. to handle , ,
83. to harrow -
84. to harvest -
85. to perform
86. to pick up -
87. to plant -
88. to plow -
89. to power -
90. to propel
91. to remove -
92. to replace -
93. to shift - ,
94. to sow -
95. to store -
96. to support
97. to thresh -
98. track-type tractor -
99. traction - , ,
100. tractor-drawn -
101. trailing drill
102. transmission -
103. truck
104. tuber -
105. t adapt -
106. t drop - ,
107. unit -
108. wheel
109. wheeled tractor
