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FAQ

The Bank and the Money Supply 6 . fuel n ,

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fuel n ,

require v (smth) ( -), (-.)

required adj

requirement n ; ,

to meet the requirements ;

wage (s) pl

enterprise n ; ,

non-renewable adj

non-renewable resources ,

ant renewable adj

to use up , ();

production cycle

value n ( );

transfer v , ; (), ();

final product

investment n (in smth) , , , ; , ( -.)

invest v (in smth) , , ( -.)

efficiency n ; ;

efficiency of labour

ant inefficiency n

efficient adj , ;

ant inefficient adj ,

like adj . . ,

unlike adj . .

manufacture v ;

manufacturing n

manufacturer n ; ;

management n

manage v ,

manager n , ;

employ v ; ;

employed adj () ( )

employed workers ( )

       
 

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4. , . , .

5. , I II. , .

6. , , .

7. .

1

 

I was born at Number Nineteen, Turnmill Street, London. My mother died when I was five years old. She died fifteen minutes after my sister Polly was born. As my father worked from morning till night, he had no time to look after Polly and me, so he married again soon. He married Mrs Burke, who was much younger and more good-looking than my mother. But I did not like my stepmother and she did not like me. So we began to hate each other; but she did not show her hatred when my father was at home. She beat me very often and she made me work very hard. From morning till night she found work for me to do. I looked after the baby. When she was awake, I took her for a walk, carrying her in my arms, and she was very heavy. I cleaned the rooms, went shopping, etc. There was always work for me to do.

One day a woman came to see my stepmother and they drank a lot of gin. All the money that my father had left for our dinner was spent. When the woman went home, my stepmother said to me in tears, "Oh, what shall I do, Jimmy, dear, what shall I do? Your father will come home soon, and there is no dinner for him. He will beat me cruelly! What shall I do, what shall I do?" I was sorry for her, she had tears in her eyes, and she called me "Jimmy, dear" for the first time. I asked her if I could help her and she said at once, "Oh, yes, you can help me! When your father comes home in the evening, Jimmy, dear, tell him that you lost the money he left for our dinner." "How could I lose it?" I asked in surprise. "You can tell him that I sent you to buy some food. Suddenly a big boy ran against you and the money fell out of your hand and you could not find it. That will be very easy to say, Jimmy, dear, please, say it to your father!" "But he'll give me a good beating for it!" "Oh, no, he won't! I shall not let him beat you, you may be sure! Here is a penny for you, go and buy some sweets with it!"

So I went off and spent my penny on sweets. When I came back and opened the door, my father was at home waiting for me with his waist-belt in his hand. I wanted to run out of the room, but he caught me by the ear. "Stop a minute, young man!" he said. "What have you done with the money?" "I lost it, Father," said I in fear and looked at my stepmother. "Oh, you lost it! Where did you lose it?" "In the street, Father. Ask Mrs. Burke, she knows!" I told him what
 
   
 

 
 

business n ;

receive v

total adj ;

corresponding adj ;

offer v (smth to smb) (-. -.)

 

Factors of Production: Capital and Labour

 

as follows ;

following adj ; ,

capital n

physical capital ( , , )

financial capital ( , )

human capital ( , , )

fixed capital (, , .. , , , -)

circulating capital ( , )

labour n

labour force ; pl ; ; (. )

natural adj ,

natural resources

nature n

to vary with ;

to vary from... to... , ( , ... ...)

variety n

a variety of (factors) , ()

various adj , ;

purpose n ,

for this purpose

equipment n

raw materials

raw adj ,

available adj , ; (to smb) (-.)

availability n

my stepmother had asked me to tell him. I was not much surprised that he did not believe my story. But my stepmother's words surprised me very much. "Yes, he told me the same thing," she said, "but he is a liar! He has spent your money on sweets. I can't beat him, he is your child, but you can give him a good beating!" And she stood by while my father beat me with his belt till the blood showed. I hated my stepmother so much now that I wanted to see her dead.

 

2

 

Of all the different ideas that have been started lately, I think that the very best is the notion of celebrating once a year "Mother's Day". We decided to have a special celebration of Mother's Day. We thought it a fine idea. It made us realize how much Mother had done for us for years, and all the efforts and sacrifices that she had made for our sake.

So we decided that we'd make it a great day, and so we decided to decorate the house with flowers. We asked Mother to do it, because she always does it. Father decided to take a holiday from his office, so as to help in celebrating the day, and my sister Ann and I stayed home from college classes, and Mary and my brother Will stayed home from High School.

The two girls thought it would be a nice thing to dress in our best for such a big occasion, and so they both got new hats. Father had bought silk ties for himself and us boys. We were going to get Mother a new hat too, but it turned out that she liked her old hat better than a new one.

After breakfast we decided that we would hire a motor car and take Mother for a beautiful drive away into the country. Mother is hardly ever able to have a treat like that, because she is busy in the house nearly all the time.

But on the very morning of the day we changed the plan a little bit. We all felt that it would be nicer to have a definite purpose. It turned out that Father had just got a new rod the day before, and he said that Mother could use it if she wanted to: in fact, he said it was practically for her, only Mother said she would rather watch him fish than fish herself.

So we got everything arranged for the trip. Mother cut up some sandwiches and packed all up in a basket for us. When the car came to the door, it turned out that we couldn't all get in. Father said that he could stay at home and work in the garden. There was a lot of dirty work that he could do. He said that he wanted us to be happy and have a big day. The girls said that Mother had only to say the word and they'd gladly stay at home and work.

In the end it was decided that Mother would stay at home and have a lovely restful day round the house. It turned out anyway that Mother didn't care for fishing and also it was just a little bit cold and fresh out-of-doors, though it was lovely and sunny, and Father was afraid that Mother might take cold if she came. So we all drove away and Mother stood and watched us as long as she could see us. We had the loveliest day. Father and the boys fished, the girls met quite a lot of people. We all had a splendid time.

It was quite late when we got back. The dinner was ready. It was grand. Mother had to get up and down during the meal fetching things back and


 

additional adj ,

unit n

per [(:)] prep , ( , )

per capita, per head ,

expenditure n ; ,

result in v (smth) (-.), (-.)

market demand , ; ,

depend [di'pend] v (on, upon) ();

affect v (smth) , ( -.)

 

Theory of Supply

output n ;

profit n ,

in terms of ; ; ;

in terms of money

revenue n

marginal revenue , ( , )

costs n ,

marginal costs , ( )

opportunity costs (, )

earn v ; ;

expenses n ,

use v , ;

use n 1. , ; 2.

include v (smth in smth) (-. -.);

to be included in smth -., -.

commodity n ; ,

amount n ; ; ;

alternative adj ;

elsewhere adv -

in particular ,

own v , ,

own adj ,

owner n 1. ; 2.

run (ran, run) v (smth) ; (, ); ()

       
 

forward, but at the end Father noticed it and said she simply mustn't do it, that he wanted her to spare herself.

When the dinner was over all of us wanted to help clear the things up and wash the dishes, only Mother said that she would really much rather do it.

It was quite late when it was all over, and when we all kissed Mother before going to bed, she said it had been the most wonderful day in her life and I think there were tears in her eyes.

 

3

 

On the same day Mr. Drummond decided to send me to school. I was given new clothes: a long coat of pepper and salt, yellow leather breeches and a cap. A tin plate was hung upon my breast with No 63 on it. This showed of the boys at the school. I was taken to the school by Mr. Drummond, and before we came there we met the boys all out walking. I was at once put into their ranks and Mr. Drummond went away.

The school had two chiefs the chief schoolmaster and the chief servant. The master was the more important of the two, and as he will often appear in the pages of my story, I shall describe him in detail. Domine Dobiensis, or Dreary Dobbs, as we called him, was a tall and thin man. He had a long face with a large nose. He was a learned man, because, firstly, he had written a book on Greek grammar, and, secondly, he was fond of solving mathematical problems. At the moment when he was deep in his calculations he did not see or hear anything around him. The boys knew this weakness of their teacher and often said: "The Domine is in his dreams, and talks in his sleep. At a moment like this he quite forgot about the class, and the boys did what they liked. But when the Domine began to blow his nose it was a sure sign that he had returned from his abstraction. The boys stopped their games, opened their books, and silence again fell on the class.

The Domine loved a pun, and he often made puns in English, Greek and Latin. Nobody understood the Greek and Latin puns, and so nobody laughed at them. But that was, probably for the better because the Domine himself was a very serious man and never laughed aloud.

"Jacob Faithful, come here," were the first words that I heard the next morning when I had taken my seat at the farther end of the schoolroom. I rose and walked through two lines of boys to the master's high desk from which he looked down upon me.

"Jacob Faithful, can you read?"

"No, I can't," I replied. "I wish I could."

"A good answer, Jacob: your wish will come true. Do you know your alphabet?"

"I don't know what that is."

"Then you don't know it. Mr. Knapps will teach you. He teaches the beginners. To your studies now."

After saying this the Domine called up the first class, while Mr. Knapps called me to my first lesson. Mr. Knapps was a thin young man of about twenty years of age. He was small and weak, but very cruel. Although the
 
   
 

 
 

rise (rose [rouz], risen) v ; ;

fall (fell [fel], fallen) v ; ;

technology n ,

input n , , ,

input price ,

improvement n ,

improve v (), ()

impose v (on, upon) , (, -.), (, ); ( -.); (-.)

private ; ;

 

Theory of Demand

 

consumer demand

particular adj , ,

vary v , ,

constant adj , ;

that is

relationship n ; ;

assume v ,

assumption n ,

number n ,

a number of ,

budget constraint ( , )

budget n

maximum n , ,

maximize v , ,

maximization n

utility [ju:'tiliti] n

marginal utility () ( , )

prefer v (smth to smth) (-. -.),

obtain v ,

rather than ...; (-, - )

choice n ,

choose (chose, chosen) v ;

provided cj provided that , ,

maintain v ,

follow v (smb/smth) ( -., -.), (-.), (-.)

within prep , ,

Domine did not allow him to punish the boys, Mr. Knapps beat them when he remained alone with them in the schoolroom. I have almost nothing else to say of Mr. Knapps, except that he wore a black coat and wiped his pen on his left sleeve and his nose on the right.

 

4

 

The last half of the XVI and the beginning of the XVII centuries are known as the golden age of English literature. It was the time of the English Renaissance, and sometimes it is even called "the age of Shakespeare".

William Shakespeare, the greatest and most famous of English writers, and probably the greatest playwright who has ever lived, was born in Stratford-on-Avon. In spite of his fame we know very little about his life. The things that we know about Shakespeare's life begin with the date when he was baptised in the church of Stratford, on April 26, 1564, when he was only a few days old. So he is believed to have been born on April 23.

Though little is known about William's childhood, there is every reason to believe that he was educated at the local Grammar School. When little over eighteen he married Anne Halthaway of Shottery. William lived in Stratford until he was about twenty-one, when he went to London. We do not know why he left Stratford-on-Avon.

There is a story that Shakespeare's first job in London was holding rich men's horses at the theatre door. But nobody can be sure that this story is true. Later, Shakespeare became an actor and a member of one of the chief acting companies. Soon he began to write plays for this company and in a few years became a well-known author.

One writer of that time said that Shakespeare liked a quiet life, he did not like drunken parties, and was not fond of being invited to the court. "If he was invited to the court, he was in pain."

Shakespeare's experience as an actor (although he usually acted only small parts, like the Ghost in Hamlet) helped him greatly in the writing of his plays. His knowledge of the stage and his poetical genius made his plays the most wonderful ones ever written.

Shakespeare wrote 37 plays. Among them there are deep tragedies, such as Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, Macbeth, light comedies, such as The Merry Wives of Windsor, All's Well That Ends Well, Twelfth Night, Much Ado About Nothing, historical dramas, such as Henry IV, Richard III

Most of Shakespeare's plays were not published in his lifetime. So some of them may have been lost in the fire when the "Globe" burned down in 1613.

Shakespeare spent the last years of his life at Stratford, where he died in 1616. He was buried in the church of Stratford. A monument was erected to the memory of the great playwright in the Poet's Corner in Westminster Abbey.

 

5

 

In the fifteenth century people knew only three continents: Europe, Asia


 

regulation n

government regulation

both adj pron , ;

importance n ,

to be of importance , ()

 

Demand and Supply

 

quantity n ; ;

buy (bought [bo:t], bought) v ,

buyer n

demand v (smth) (-.), (-.)

supply n ()

excess supply , ,

supply v ; ;

to supply smb with smth - -

to supply smth to smb - -

sell (sold [sould], sold) v ()

seller ['sela] n

equilibrium n , ,

equilibrium price

producer n ,

consumer n

consume v

shortage n , , ()

raise v ; ;

surplus n ,

reduce v ; ;

reduction n (in smth) , , (-.)

influence v (smth) , ( -.)

influence n ,

income n (), ,

increase n (in smth) , , , (-.)

increase v (), (); ; ()

substitute good - ( , )

substitute n (for smth) (-.)

decrease n (in smth) , , (-.)

decrease v (), (),

complement good - ( , , )

normal good

inferior good

       
 

and Africa. They knew nothing about such a big continent as America.

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